Flexography or Solvent Recovery (choose just one of these two topics) Research Paper

Flexography or Solvent Recovery (choose just one of these two topics) - Research Paper Example Additionally, there is wealth of information about the topic. This paper therefore, aims to review various literatures on the applications and importance of flexography, in information technology and the main steps followed in the process. According to Johansson colleague, flexography is described as a printing process which uses flexible relief plate (86). It is claimed to be the updated version of an older printing process which was known as letter press. The process is claimed that it can print on any substrate. Various researchers also argue that this process is well suited for printing large areas of solid color. The paper will conclude by summarizing all the key points that have been outlined. The analyses of these points will be made so as to determine the various applications of flexography in graphic information technology. The paper will also summarize the importance of this method, in information technology that makes it very popular than any other printing

Economics Markets Essay Example for Free

Economics Markets Essay The most probable result if the minimum wage for teenage workers in Australia will increase is that the employment rate will decrease. The effects on employment on the workers on the increase in the minimum wage of teenage workers will lose their job. This is because employers must retain their profit. Increasing the minimum wage of the workers will result into decrease profit of the company, thus employers will lessen their employers also decreasing their labor costs to retain their profit (Kennan 2007). Take for example a company that aims to maximize its profit. Currently, the companys labor force is n and the minimum wages for its employer is w. Consider a case when the company increases the minimum wage to W with no changes to other factor like profit. If this happens, the profit will decrease because of n*(W-w). The only way to regain the losses of the company that is brought by the increase in the minimum wage is to lessen its labor force n to compensate the losses. Drastic change will occur on the employment of teenage workers in Australia because employers will consider first the adult or the professionals. Companies that need personnel with expertise on the said company will be hired first because these professional are more equipped in producing profit for the company. The figure below illustrates how employment is being affected by the increase in the rate of wage of the labors. As the wage increase, so also the gap thus increasing the rate of unemployment (David Tuerck and Paul Bachman 2005). There are other possible outcomes when minimum wage rate will increase among teenage workers in Australia. Though many employee will be attracted on the high wage rate in Australia, there is a big possibility that companies will go to other places where there is low wage rate. Most companies now are finding their personnel on places where there is a low wage rate. This is to lessen other expenses incurred by the companies (Haussamen 2007).

Oliver Twist: Summary :: essays research papers

Oliver Twist: Summary I Content - Characterizations Oliver Twist - A loving, innocent orphan child; the son of Edwin Leeford and Agnes Fleming. He is generally quiet and shy rather than aggressive. Oliver's affectionate nature, along with his weakness and innocence, earn him the pity and love of the good people he meets. Dicken's choice of Oliver's name is very revealing, because the boy's story is full of "twists" and turns. Dickens uses his skills at creating character to make Oliver particularly appealing. Mr. Bumble - The parish beadle; a rat man and a choleric with a great idea of his oratorical powers and his importance. He has a decided propensity for bullying. He derived no inconsiderable pressure from the exercise of petty cruelty and consequently was a coward. Halfway through the book, Bumble changes. When he marries Mrs. Corney, he loses authority. She makes all the decisions. The Artful Dodger - A talented pickpocket, recruiter, cheat and wit. Jack Dawkins, known as the artful dodger, is a charming rogue. Fagin's most esteemed pupil. A dirty snub-nosed, flat-browed, common-faced boy (short for his age). Dickens makes Dodger look more appealing by describing his outrageous clothes and uninhibited manners. Fagin - A master criminal, whose specialty is fenang (selling stolen property). He employs a gang of thieves and is always looking for new recruits. He is a man of considerable intelligence, though corrupted by his self-interest. His conscience bothers him after he is condemned to hang. He does have a wry sense of humor and an uncanny ability to understand people. He's a very old shrivelled Jew, whose villainous looking repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted red hair. Mr. Brownlow - A generous man, concerned for other people. A very respectable looking person with a heart large enough for any six ordinary old gentleman of humane disposition. Bill Sikes - A bully, a robber and a murderer. He is an ally of Fagin. Fagin plans the crimes and Sikes carries them out. Sike's evil is so frightening because it is so physical. He is compares to a beast. A stoutly built fellow with legs that always look like they are in an unfinished and incomplete state without a set of fetters to garnish them. Monks - Also known as Edward Leeford (son of Edwin Leeford and his legal wife).Oliver's half brother. He wants to destroy Olivers chance of inheriting their fathers estate. Monks is a stock villain, lurking in shadows and uttering curses with a sneer. He lacks family love and moral upbringing. He is a tall, dark blackguard, subject to fits of cowardice and epilepsy.

Mystic Monk Coffee Essay

Father Daniel Mary, Prior of the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming, has a vision to expand his monastery by purchasing the Irma Lake Ranch property, which lists at $8. 9 million. The Carmelite Monks of Wyoming have a company called Mystic Monk Coffee. The monks sell different varieties of coffee, along with gift cards, T-shirts, and other material products on their website to raise money for purchasing the ranch property. Mystic Monks primary target market is other Catholics who love specialty coffee and want to spend their money helping their Catholic family. Father Daniel Mary does not have the best business strategy for accomplishing his long-term goal. My recommendations for him would be to set short-term and long-term goals, explore investment opportunities, and advertise to other Catholic dominated countries. Father Daniel Mary is the Prior of the Carmelite Order of monks in Clark, Wyoming. As of now the Carmelite monks consist of only thirteen monks. Father Daniel Mary has a vision to transform the Wyoming Carmelite small monastery into one that accommodates to thirty monks, a Gothic church, a convent for Carmelite nuns, a retreat center for lay visitors, and a hermitage. However, the ranch property he is hoping to gain for this new monastery costs $8. 9 million. His vision for Mystic Monk Coffee is that the operations will fund the purchase of the ranch. The mission of the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming is making certain that applicants understand the reality of the vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty and the sacrifices associated with living a cloistered religious life ( ). From reading this case it does not appear that Father Daniel Mary has set definite objectives or performance targets. He does have a goal of being ble to afford the ranch property, however that is a long-term goal. Having little experience in business matters, Father Daniel Mary hopes the Mystic Monk Coffee will be enough to reach the amount they need, along with a $250,000 donation and the New Mount Carmel Foundation ( ). For the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming, the best strategy in achieving goals is to set small, short-term goals that are attainable within a specific time frame. Father Daniel Mary’s strategy seems to be to make as much money as possible until they reach their goal. Mystic Monk Coffee’s strategy is to target the part of the U. S. Catholic population who drinks coffee and wishes to support the monastery’s mission. Consumers can only buy this coffee through its website. On the Mystic Monk website one may find the statement that Catholics should â€Å"use their Catholic coffee dollar for Christ and his Catholic church† ( ). This statement is a good strategy for their target market because Catholics will want to help other Catholics. Another strategy Mystic Monk has is having different products on the website. There are dark, medium, and lights roasts caffeinated and decaffeinated and in different flavors. Some of the popular flavors are Mystical Chants of Carmel, Cowboy Blend, Royal Rum Pecan, and Mystic Monk Blend. The website also features T-shirts, gift cards, CDs featuring the monastery’s Gregorian chants, and coffee mugs. Also, as an incentive to bring in more frequent customers, they are given the opportunity to join a â€Å"coffee club†, which offers monthly delivery of one to six bags of preselected coffee, as well as, free shipping for purchases of three or more bags ( ). The competitive advantage Mystic Monk’s strategy producing is that people are more likely to purchase something where the profit goes to benefit a charity or project, especially if the customer is of the Catholic denomination. Mystic Monk Coffee’s strategy is in the process of being a money-maker, I believe. As of just recently, the monks have expanded Mystic Monk’s business model to include wholesale sales to churches and local coffee shops. I think that expansion is the beginning of the process of being a money-maker. Marketing and advertising is a big missing part to how successful Mystic Monk Coffee can be. Instead of focusing on just the Catholics in the U. S. , Mystic Monk needs to reach out to other Catholicism dominated countries like Italy. Another business strategy the monks might consider is to accumulate investors, who will contribute to purchasing the ranch property. From what I have read, the strategy they are following now is not a winning strategy, but is on its way to becoming one. For this to become a winning strategy Father Daniel Mary needs to start setting short-term goals, for example, getting enough money to purchase a larger roaster or setting a monthly goal. He also needs to advertise to other Catholic dominated countries, where Mystic Monk could get the support from other monks and Catholic churches. At the end of the case I read that Father Daniel Mary realized his vision of purchasing the ranch property would require a lot of planning and execution. I also read that he will develop an execution plan that will enable Mystic Monk Coffee to â€Å"minimize the effect of its cloistered monastic constraints, maximize the potential of monastic opportunities, and realize his vision of buying the Irma Lake Ranch† ( ). The recommendations I would make to Father Daniel Mary would be set short-term and long-term goals, expand advertisements to other countries, and reach out to investors. I believe these changes will definitely help in Mystic Monk’s long-term direction. Another suggestion would be for Father Daniel Mary to evaluate and update Mystic Monk’s direction, objectives, strategy, and the execution of the strategy each year. Markets change all the time, therefore keeping up with what’s changing will only help reach the long-term goal.

Emerging Economies

Business Development in Emerging Economies Business Development in Emerging Economies Coursework Coursework Contents A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer with relevant evidence. (2000 words)3 Introduction4 What are emerging economies4 Future of emerging economies5 Microeconomic approach6 Long-term economic perspectives7 The â€Å"Euro† perspective8 Facts about the future9 Forecast11 Opinion12 Risks for emerging markets12 B. Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. 500 words)14 What are MNEs (Multinational Enterprises)15 Facts about MNEs15 C. How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNE's to the â€Å"Western† companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? (500 words)18 References21 Business Development in Emerging Economies Coursework Submission A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer wit h relevant evidence. (2000 words) B. Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. (500 words) C.How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNE's to the â€Å"Western† companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? (500 words) A. In your opinion, what is the future of emerging economies? Support your answer with relevant evidence. (2000 words) Introduction What are emerging economies The emerging markets story began almost thirty years ago. In the mid-1980s, developed economies started on a debt-fueled consumer spending binge that lasted more than two decades. This provided an incredible opportunity for developing economies.So, emerging markets or emerging economies are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The seven largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal Gross Domestic Product or GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) are China, Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey. Some characteristics that define an economy as emerging are the following: * Intermediate income: its PPP per capital income is comprised between 10 % and 75 % of the average EU per capital income. Catching-up growth: during at least the last decade, it has experienced a brisk economic growth that has narrowed the income gap with advanced economies. * Institutional transformations and economic opening: during the same period, it has undertaken profound institutional transformations which contributed to integrate it more deeply into the world economy. Hence, emerging economies appears to be a by-product of the current globalization. Emerging markets are sought by investors for the prospect of high returns, as they often experience faster economic growth as measured by GDP.Investments in emerging markets come with much greater risk due to political instability, domestic infrastructure problems, currency volatility and l imited equity opportunities (many large companies may still be â€Å"state-run† or private). Also, local stock exchanges may not offer liquid markets for outside investors. These countries do not share any common agenda, so there are various lists of emerging markets, developed by various analysts such as The Economist, the International Monetary Fund, Dow Jones etc.. If we had to make a summary list it would be the following:Afghanistan|   Estonia|   Lithuania|   Qatar|   Sudan|   Argentina|   Hong Kong|   Malaysia|   Romania|   Taiwan|   Bahrain|   Hungary|   Mauritius|   Russia|   Thailand|   Bangladesh|   India|   Mexico|   Saudi Arabia|   Turkey|   Brazil|   Indonesia|   Morocco|   Singapore|   Tunisia|   Bulgaria|   Iran|   Nigeria|   Slovakia|   UAE| Chile|   Israel|   Oman|   Slovenia|   Ukraine| China|   Jordan|   Pakistan|   South Africa|   Venezuela|   Colombia|   Kuwait|   Peru|   Sr i Lanka|   Vietnam| Czech Republic|   Latvia|   Philippines|   South Korea|   Sudan|   Egypt|   Estonia|   Poland|   Qatar|   Taiwan| Future of emerging economiesIn the past decade emerging markets have established themselves as the world’s best sprinters. As serial crises tripped up America and then Europe, China barely broke stride. Other big developing nations paused for breath only briefly. Investors bet that rapid growth in emerging markets was the new normal, while leaders from Beijing to Brazil lectured the world on the virtues of their state-centric economic models. More than 80% of the world’s population lives in countries with emerging economies. As we can see in Figure 1, the share of emerging markets in global output has increased from below 20% in the early 90’s, to more than 30% today.Considering the cost of living differences, the share of emerging economies in world GDP already exceeds 45%, which is 13 percentage points higher than in the early 90’s. According to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF), World Economic Outlook, this share will exceed 50% in 2013. Figure [ 1 ]: Share of emerging economies in world GDP in recent periods While these economies are already large, they keep growing strongly. Growth in emerging economies and increased resistance to economic and financial shocks mean good news for the global economy, which can definitely rely on the dynamism of emerging economies more than it did in the past.The residents of emerging economies’ countries benefited a lot from this rapid growth, as it led to rising living standards. During the period 2000-2009, the per capita GDP in these countries increased by more than 70%. The integration of emerging economies in world markets for goods and services happened smoothly. Regarding global exports of goods and services, the share of emerging economies almost doubled between the early 90’s and 2010, reaching 35%. Microecono mic approach The most important role of the emerging economies and reflected at the micro level.Specifically, six of the 25 largest companies in the world, for example, in terms of market value come from emerging markets. These companies are listed below, according to Global 2000 list for 2012, an annual ranking of the top 2000 public companies in the world by Forbes magazine. The ranking is based on a mix of four metrics: sales, profit, assets and market value. Rank| Company| Headquarters| Industry| Profits (billion $)| Assets (billion $)| Market Value (billion $)| 05| Industrial and Commercial Bank of China|   China| Banking| 25. 1| 2,039. 1| 237. 4| 07| PetroChina|   China| Oil and gas| 20. | 304. 7| 294. 7| 10| Petrobras|   Brazil| Oil and gas| 20. 1| 319. 4| 180| 13| China Construction Bank|   China| Banking| 20. 5| 1,637. 8| 201. 9| 15| Gazprom|   Russia| Oil and gas| 31. 7| 302. 6| 159. 8| 19| Agricultural Bank of China|   China| Banking| 14. 4| 1,563. 9| 154. 8| Long-term economic perspectives The present of emerging economies seems promising, but the future seems even better. According to forecasts for long-term growth based on demographic trends and models of capital accumulation and productivity, it seems that the role of emerging economies in the global economy will be even larger.More specifically, according to various surveys, the growth prospects of these economies are striking. The share of Brazil, Russia, India and China, if considered together, could by 2025 correspond to a rate of more than 50% share of the current six largest industrialized economies and to overcome it in less than 40 years. The â€Å"Euro† perspective From the perspective of the euro, the growing role of emerging economies provides various opportunities. More specifically, the dynamic growth of emerging economies is increasing demand for certain goods and tradable services where the euro zone has a comparative advantage.Also, competition from emerging ma rkets increases motivation for further progress in structural reforms in the euro zone, which are either way necessary. In addition, the Eurozone is capable of seizing new opportunities created by emerging economies. Exports and imports of goods and services of the euro zone represent a significant share of the GDP. Considering this, it is remarkable that the share of the euro zone exports (excluding trade within the euro zone) to Asia increased from 19% in 2000 to 22% in 2009, while exports to the United States decreased from 17% to 12% over the same period.China's share in total exports of the euro zone increased from 2% in 2000 to 5. 3% in 2009. Exports to Russia more than doubled over the same period from 1. 8% to 3. 9%, thus exceeding the exports to Japan, although the share of Russia was higher in 2008 (5. 0%), before the global trade collapsed. A similar trend was observed in India, though on a much smaller scale, as India’s share was 1. 7% of euro zone exports in 2009 . The crisis When the global financial crisis struck, emerging economies responded energetically: China launched a huge stimulus, Brazil’s state-owned banks avished credit, interest rates were slashed. They succeeded so well that by 2010 they were forced to reverse course. To squash price pressures they raised interest rates, curbed speculation and allowed their currencies to appreciate. With a lag, that tightening has had the predicted result. Still, the slowdown has proved much sharper than expected. Europe’s sovereign-debt crisis is partly to blame. It has sapped demand for the developing world’s manufactured exports and restrained prices of their commodities; South Africa is a notable casualty.European banks had been conduits for foreign money flowing into emerging markets. Now they are pulling back as they grapple with the problems at home. The issues of slowing growth, high government debts, rising unemployment, and aging populations within developed econo mies such as the United States presented headwinds for emerging market countries, which in the past had been much more reliant on the health of developed markets. However, because of earlier fiscal discipline, countries such as China, Brazil and Indonesia were able to stimulate economies on their own with low interest rates and massive stimulus packages.The central banks were recourse to those who needed to borrow money, in order to avoid a major crisis. In December 2011 and February 2012, the European Central Bank announced long-term refunding, while European banks borrowed about 1 trillion euros. The U. S. Federal Bank, along with many central banks from developed countries went on with liquidity injections. That move resulted to massive relief, as the markets stabilized and industrial production increased again. The question then was if this would last, allowing the global economy to keep on growing.This was more of concern for emerging economies, which were considered to be safe r than economically advanced countries. Many of them faced difficulties when they actually started developing, as they had to deal with massive poverty. Facts about the future Sadly, many emerging-world governments have interpreted the crisis in rich-world finance as a reason to preserve a more muscular role for the state. China has reserved some sectors for state-owned enterprises. In Brazil the big state-controlled oil company, Petrobras, and the tate-controlled banks have become virtual appendages of government policy. Having so much leverage over the economy is indeed helpful during a crisis, but in the long run it will stifle competition, starve the private sector of capital, deter foreign investment and know-how, and breed corruption. When the dust settles, emerging markets will still be growing faster than they did before 2003. But getting back up to the speed of the past decade will mean maintaining the macroeconomic discipline and returning to the microeconomic reforms that made it possible in the first place.A strong infrastructure has significant long-term benefits, such as a growing manufacturing base, an educated workforce and more mobile, and therefore more easily employable, societies. The build-out of fixed asset infrastructure in China, which has been strong over the past 15 years, continues today, particularly as the population becomes more urbanized. Brazil also continues to invest in infrastructure, with estimates in excess of $800 billion in infrastructure spending as the country prepares to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. For example, the case of India.Since 2009, India has deliberately inflated its deficit in order to offset the economic slowdown. Fiscal expansion was very efficient in promoting growth of demand and supply after several years’ restriction. However, now the expansion is limited. Unlike developed countries, most developing economies are under inflationary pressure, which can be worse than additional expensed. Thus, the short-term future seems to be reserving various dangers. Nevertheless, medium and long-term perspectives about emerging economies are positive. Countries that save money, invest in human capital and provide good governance can achieve rapid growth again.India, for example, saves and invests more than 30% of its GDP, devoting a significant percentage of these sources to infrastructure. Thus, the possibility of India expanding its business increases. Investors seem to take seriously into account this perspective. They seem to be very hesitant towards investments in private equity funds. Nonetheless, they provided India with 43,8 billion dollars in long-term direct investments during 2011-2012. Despite the current crisis, the outlook seems encouraging for other emerging economies too, such as Brazil, China and Indonesia.It’s obvious that during the second half of 2011, developing economies that have faced the economic crisis kind of well, star ted to feel pressure as the euro zone crisis was getting worse. Growth in Brazil, India, China and other countries noted a remarkable slow down. Global economy seems to be focusing on fast-growing markets that are outside BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as there is the perception that they are capable of integrating faster than the BRIC countries into the global economy due to a number of trade, investment, technological and cultural criteria.These markets achieve constantly high rates of economic growth at the same level with the BRIC countries. Turkey, Indonesia and Mexico come just after China and India in terms of GDP growth between 2000 and 2015. Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Malaysia and Vietnam, along with some countries and regions of Africa are ready to be included in the list with the most dynamic countries in the world, regarding investments. It’s becoming more and more admissible that these countries are the most significant sources of income for the future ye ars.Same prospects seem to appear for South Africa, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey, which are considered to be the most competitive ones. Executives from all around the economy world claim that they are planning to raise their investments in these markets. As goods’ and services’ trade goes back to the levels it was before the financial crisis and the flow of funds appears to steadily increase, technology and cross-border exchange of ideas will continue forcing growth and promoting globalization. Forecast Forecasts concerning the period of time from now and by 2015 don’t seem really encouraging for Europe and emerging economies.The last year’s liquidity injection was deemed to be an efficient policy, but it was certainly not a radical solution. No crisis looms, but serious concern is justified, for the emerging world faces two distinct risks: a cyclical slowdown and a longer-term erosion of potential growth. The first should be reasonably easy to deal with. The second will not. Fiscal discipline and investment has delivered for emerging economies up to this point. This can significantly contribute to future growth. If Europe can succeed in promoting large fiscal and banking reforms and put its economy in order, the crisis will probably subside.Otherwise it will remain until the end of 2014 and then Europe will be before high risk once again. Regarding the developing countries, they will definitely be influenced by the U. S. and Europe – the two largest economies in the world. Their slowdown will directly affect all developing countries. The analyst, Jean Louis Martin claims though, that emerging economies will account for 52% of the global economy. His forecast is based on current prices and exchange rates-compared with 38. 9% in 2011. Opinion Looking through the past as thoroughly as I can, and considering the risks, my opinion about a potential recovery tends to be negative.A slump in these countries thus looks unlikely; so, however, does a return to the past decade’s growth rates. China, for one, doesn’t want it. Its economy has become over-reliant on investment; its leaders want to usher in a phase of more sustainable but slower growth, led by consumers. Beyond China, it is increasingly clear that many emerging economies have been growing beyond their underlying potential. Optimists once thought India could sustain Chinese-style growth of over 9% a year; but that led to stubborn inflation and current-account deficits, suggesting that India’s potential growth may be more like 6-7%.There is no guarantee that emerging markets will experience stable, sustainable development, since numerous economic and political risks are lurking. Emerging countries are still vulnerable to economic changes that occur in developed countries. Risks for emerging markets There’s a number of potential sources of macroeconomic and political instability such as high fiscal deficits, over-dependence on oil revenues and gas, increasing disparities in income leading to social tensions and acroeconomic and financial instability. Many reports also highlight the pressures on natural resources from the rapid growth in emerging economies, including the increasing difficulty of keeping global warming within the maximum limit of two degrees Celsius. While new unconventional sources like shale gas have reduced fears of depletion of fossil fuels, the risks associated with the most unstable global climate patterns are expected, to follow a steady upward trend.Issues such as taxation of executive compensation, the proper scope of financial regulation, and international M;A have come to the foreground in the wake of the crisis, and stark international differences in opinions and policies on these matters are already evident. The differences will only become more pronounced as discussions about the appropriate near-term policy response to the crisis give way to debates about who should pay and how much.The multinational firms best able to anticipate and manage the related risks and opportunities will have the strongest competitive edge. B. Critically discuss the factors driving the growth of emerging MNEs. Use relevant company and country examples. (500 words) What are MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country. These operations outside the company's home country may be linked to the parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy.Firms tend to locate where barriers are easier to overcome. For firms in emerging countries, this initially meant locating in nearby countries with regional, cultural or language ties (so-called South-South FDI). This trend seems to be changing, however, as firms from emerging economies gain prominence. Facts about MNEs There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in additi on to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses.The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan; they have the capacity to shape global trade, production, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are forced to respond to increasing global competition. Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets: * merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns * sequential market entry and joint ventures Here’s an example of sequential market entry, which often includes foreign direct investment, which involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to the parent company's product lines in the new country of operation. Japan's Sony Corporation made use of s equential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establishment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sony's U. S. perations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent company's leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977. After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s.In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sony's example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat indigenous competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a variety of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and control over operations.Multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed.They share many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which their overseas subsidiaries are tied to the ir headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations. In particular, factors that benefit MNEs growth are: * labor is relatively cheap * Ownership advantages encompass the development and ownership of proprietary technology or widely recognized brands that other competitors cannot use.Empirical analysis shows that multinationals are often technological leaders that invest heavily in developing new products, processes and brands, which are then kept confidential and are protected by intellectual property rights * technology being adopted is leapfrogging much of the legacy IT infrastructure that is still in use in developed countries * Localization advantages refer to the benefits that come from locating near the final buyers or closer to more abundant and cheaper production factors, such as expert engineering or raw materials multinationals internalize the benefits from owning a particular technology, brand, expertise or patent that they find too risky or unprofitable to rent or license to other firms due to the difficulties of enforcing international contracts * management and production expertise from the parent concern Other concerns raised by respondents included government regulation, established competition, and the availability of communications and digital infrastructure. C. How formidable is the competition posed by emerging markets MNE's to the â€Å"Western† companies? Could it be country- or/and sector-specific? 500 words) Right now more than 20,000 multinationals are operating in emerging economies. According to the Economist, Western multinationals expect to find 70% of their future growth there—40% of it in China and India alone. But if the opportunity is huge, so are the obstacles to seizing it. On its 2010 Ease of Doing Business Index, the World Bank ranked China 89th, Brazil 129th, and India 133rd out of 183 countries. Summarizing the bank’ s conclusions, the Economist wrote, â€Å"The only way that companies can prosper in these markets is to cut costs relentlessly and accept profit margins close to zero. Western companies have had many difficulties entering emerging markets to date, as they seemed to apply a wrong entering strategies, which were due to lack of knowledge and experience. Many companies have already been lured by the promise of profits from selling low-end products and services in high volume to the very poor in emerging markets. And high-end products and services are widely available in these markets for the very few who can afford them: You can buy a Mercedes or a washing machine, or stay at a nice hotel, almost anywhere in the world.Our experience suggests a far more promising place to begin: between these two extremes, in the vast middle market. Consumers there are defined not so much by any particular income band as by a common circumstance: Their needs are being met very poorly by existing low-en d solutions, because they cannot afford even the cheapest of the high-end alternatives. Companies that devise new business models and offerings to better meet those consumers’ needs affordably will discover enormous opportunities for growth.Take, for example, the Indian consumer durables company Godrej & Boyce. Founded in 1897 to sell locks, Godrej is today a diversified manufacturer of everything from safes to hair dye to refrigerators and washing machines. In workshops we conducted with key managers in the appliances division, refrigerators emerged as a high-potential area: Because of the cost both to buy and to operate them, traditional compressor-driven refrigerators had penetrated only 18% of the market. The markets and operating environments in India are radically different fromMNCs’ home markets, making it possible a wide range of competitive encounters and outcomes. For example, there are several layers of product and customer segments that reward different app roaches from competitors, making it possible for both local challengers and patient MNCs to find different starting places and, over time, compete more directly. Competition appears to be formidable for â€Å"Western† companies, since they are not really qualified to deal with MNEs of emerging markets, which keep on developing.Furthermore, it seems that the competition could definitely be both country and sector specific, as, regardless of the difference in trends perceived as important and the reported level of preparedness, companies, both Western and emerging multinationals, take a similar approach to the critical actions needed to address emerging countries’ consumer market trends. These include developing new products and services, adapting the brand strategy, conducting market research, and adapting the marketing communication strategy.References * Contessi S. , El-Ghazaly H.. (2010). Multinationals from Emerging Economies Growing but Little Understood. Available :http://research. stlouisfed. org/publications/regional/10/07/multinational. pdf. * Matthew J. Eyring, Mark W. Johnson, and Hari Nair. (2011). New Business Models in Emerging Markets. Available: http://hbr. org/2011/01/new-business-models-in-emerging-markets/ar/1 * Ernst & Young. (2013). Focusing on emerging markets. Available: http://www. net. gr/? i=news. el. article&id=338400 * Jean Louis Martin. (2012). Emerging Economies in 2020. Available: http://www. capital. gr/news. asp? id=1497484 * Unknown author. (2013). Challenges in development of emerging economies. Available: http://www. stockwatch. com. cy/nqcontent. cfm? a_name=news_view&ann_id=165565 * K. Ghosh and L. Yu. (2012). The future of emerging markets. Allianz Global Investors. 12 (1), 1-4 * AmCham and Booz & Company.

World Trade Organization Regulations

World Trade Organization Regulations Overview World trade organization (WTO) was established in 1995 for the purpose of overseeing international trade. It has 153 members and its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. WTO members use three official languages: French, English, and Spanish. It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which was in force since 1947.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on World Trade Organization Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It regulates trade between the trading countries and forms a basis for negations and formation of trade agreements. It resolves dispute between the trading nations by ensuring their compliance to the WTO‘s agreement. These agreements are usually signed by the representatives of the different countries whereas the parliament ratifies them (World Trade Organization 2010). WTO is the sole (international) association known to incorporate rules (trade) among nations. It was in troduced for the purpose of assisting producers in the productions of goods and services to be traded across borders. It also assists importers and exporters in carrying out their businesses. WTO is headed by a ministerial conference that converges after every two years to discuss crucial issues concerning international trade. The first ministerial conference was held in 1996 at Singapore and since then the organization has been holding subsequent meetings. During the first conference, many contradicting issues were raised some of which have not been solved up to date. WTO is administered through a general council, which implements made decisions. Doha Development Agenda This is a trade negotiation that was commenced in 2001 with the aim of boosting participation by third word countries. This has received disagreements from countries which rely on export from agricultural products in a bid to protect their farmers from heavy imports. At the moment the future of this Agenda is not cl ear. The Doha agenda has been discussed in subsequent conferences but it is yet to receive recognition by majority of the members. If this happens, poor nations will be able to participate in the global market where they have been faced out. Doha agenda aims at protecting these poor nations from exploitation by the developed nations. It aims at abolishing all trade barriers imposed on the poor nations as a way of encouraging them to participate in the global market. WTO and Globalization Today almost all nations depend on the global economy. Governments are finding it difficult to respond to their domestic issues as their used to do. WTO influences the performance of member countries and puts restrictions on the use of their monetary policies. These governments have to rely on the international monetary fund for regulations.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poo r nations are becoming poorer day in day out because of the low comparative advantage they have in the international trade. They have to rely on the World Bank for aids and grants for development. For this reason, the Doha Development Agenda was proposed but it has to yet been accepted. Unless it is accepted, the poor nationals will continue to suffer at the expense of the rich nations which have developed economies and comparative advantage in terms of trade. The fundamental purpose of WTO is to help developing, least developed and poor nations. It gives them trade assistance and helps them to adjust to the rules of WTO regarding trade policies. As we have earlier, WTO is the only international organization that has rules restricting the conduct of member countries. For instance, member countries are required to publish their trade regulations and to abide by them. WTO is propagating trade and industrial standardization of products, market access, and national treatment for all the products and services produced either within or outside any member countries. Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce is a new area in global trade that involves trading of goods and services across borders electronically. It is the use of telecommunication networks to produce, advertise, or sell goods and services. With the advancement in technology, electronic commerce has been growing drastically calling for the attention of WTO. In 1998, WTO members adopted a declaration on global electronic commerce during a conference held at Geneva (World Trade Organization 2010). According to the declaration, the general council was required to set up an inclusive work program that would be used to scrutinize all electronic commerce trade issues and present a report at WTO’s conference. The declaration also incorporated a cessation that required all WTO members to abolish any customs duties imposed on all electronic transmission. The work program was later adopted at the third confer ence held at Seattle in 1999. At the fourth WTO conference that was held in Doha, members decided to carry on with the work program and to continue the practice of not imposing custom duties on electronic commerce. After wards, members engaged in various conferences where they could discuss in depth the crucial issues that would affect growth and development of e-commerce. Such issues included competition among others. The WTO’s general council main agenda include working on the relationship between trade, finance, and debt among the member countries (World Trade Organization 2010). It works to strengthen international trade especially e-commerce since it is easy and consumes a less period of time to finish a transaction. The council is working to solve the problem of indebtedness in the less developed countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on World Trade Organization Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Reference List World Trade Organization (2010). Electronic commerce. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/ecom_e.htm

Before Freedom essays

Before Freedom essays The author of the book is Belinda Hurmence, she is well qualified to write a book such as this which she well demonstrates. She has done many long hours of research on slavery and the affects on the former individual slaves themselves. She has written many volumes on slavery and the opinion of many former American slaves on slavery. This book she wrote contains the oral histories of former North and South Carolina slaves. The setting of the book is the homes of former slaves. The introduction of the book is about a former slave from North Carolina whom was forbidden to talk about slavery. From the time the New Republic came into being America wrestled with the problem of slaves telling their stories of slavery. Their very existence mocked the validity of a government that guarenteed liberty and justice for the nations people. Slaves were forbidden to read and write. They could not buy and sell merchandise or have religious services or other meetings. Slavery was a bad thing for most slaves but not all slaves. Some slaves felt slavery was a good thing because it gave them the only shelter and food they had ever had. When freedom came hard times came for a lot of former slaves. Many no longer had shelter or food to eat. There sufferings after freedom multiplied and worsened. The authors main point was that slavery was bad for many slaves but it was also good for many slaves. There was many points of evidence supporting her main point of the book. There were oral histories told of how awful slavery was and how many times they were beaten for simply doing nothing. But there were also many former slaves in their oral histories telling how good their owners were to them and how they had never been beaten. Those former slaves felt slavery was a good thing because it gave them shelter and food to eat. The author concludes that people often have a bad one sided view of slavery but there is a good very real other side to ...

Biography of Senator Elizabeth Warren, Senator and Scholar

Biography of Senator Elizabeth Warren, Senator and Scholar Senator Elizabeth Warren (born Elizabeth Ann Herring on June 22, 1949) is an American politician, scholar, and professor. Since 2013, she has represented the state of Massachusetts in the United States Senate, affiliated with the Democratic Party. In 2019, she became a candidate for President of the United States. Fast Facts: Senator Elizabeth Warren Known For: A prominent Democratic politician of the late 2010s, Warren had a previous career as one of the top legal scholars in the country.Occupation: United States Senator from Massachusetts; previously a professor of lawBorn: June 22, 1949 in Oklahoma City, OklahomaSpouse(s): Jim Warren (m. 1968-1978), Bruce H. Mann (m. 1980).Children: Amelia Warren Tyagi (b. 1971), Alexander Warren (b. 1976) Early Life and Education Elizabeth Warren (nà ©e Elizabeth Ann Herring) was born in Oklahoma City, the fourth child and first daughter of Donald and Pauline Herring. Their family was lower-middle class and often struggled to make ends meet. Things worsened when Warren was twelve and her father, a salesman, had a heart attack, leaving him unable to do his job. Warren started her first job- waitressing- at age thirteen in order to help make ends meet. In high school, Warren was a star of the debate team. She won Oklahoma’s state high school debating championship when she was sixteen and earned a debate scholarship to attend George Washington University. At the time, she intended to study to become a teacher. However, after two years of studies, she dropped out to marry Jim Warren, whom she had known since high school. The couple married in 1968, when Warren was nineteen. Law School and Teaching Career When Warren and her husband moved to Texas for his job with IBM, she enrolled at the University of Texas, where she studied speech pathology and audiology. However, they moved to New Jersey soon after on another of Jim Warren’s job transfers, and when she became pregnant, she chose to stay at home with their daughter Amelia. In 1973, Warren enrolled in Rutgers Law School. She graduated in 1976 and passed the bar exam; that same year, the Warrens’ son Alexander was born. Two years later, in 1978, Warren and her husband divorced. She chose to keep his last name, even after she remarried in 1980 to Bruce Mann. For the first year or so of her career, Warren did not actively practice law in a law firm, instead teaching children with disabilities in a public school. She also worked from home doing minor legal work such as wills and real estate filings. Warren returned to her alma mater in 1977 as a lecturer at Rutgers. She remained there for one academic year, then moved back to Texas to take a job at the University of Houston Law Center, where she worked from 1978 to 1983 as the associate dean for academic affairs. In 1981, she spent some time as a visiting associate professor at the University of Texas Law School; she returned from 1983 to 1987 as a full professor. Legal Scholar From the beginning of her career, Warren often focused her work and research on how real people interact with the law in their daily lives, with a particular emphasis on bankruptcy law. Her research made her a respected rising star in her field, and she continued her work throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1987, Warren joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School as a full professor in 1987 and in 1990, she became the William A. Schnader Professor of Commercial Law. She taught for a year at Harvard Law School in 1992 as Robert Braucher Visiting Professor of Commercial Law. Three years later, Warren returned to Harvard full-time, joining the faculty full-time as the Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law. Warren’s position made her the first tenured Harvard law professor who had gotten a law degree from an American public university. Over time, she became one of the most prominent legal scholars in bankruptcy and commercial law, with a large number of publications to her name. It was in that capacity that she was asked, in 1995, to advise the National Bankruptcy Review Commission. At the time, her recommendations failed to convince Congress, and her advocacy failed, but her work helped lead to the establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was signed into law in 2010. Political Career Although Warren was a registered Republican until the 1990s, she shifted to the Democratic Party during that decade. It wasn’t until 2011, however, that she began her political career in earnest. That year, she announced her candidacy for the 2012 Senate election in Massachusetts, running as a Democrat to unseat Republican incumbent Scott Brown. Her breakout moment came with a September 2011 speech that went viral, in which she argued against the idea that taxing the wealthy is class warfare. In her response, she argued that no one becomes rich without leaning on the rest of society, from workers to infrastructure to education and more, and that the social contract of a civilized society means that those who have benefited from the system invest in it again to help the next people who want to do the same. Warren won the election with nearly 54 percent of the vote and quickly became a star in the Democratic Party. Her committee assignment was the Senate Banking Committee, given her extensive experience in economics. Soon, she gained a reputation for her unforgiving questioning of big banking executives and regulators. Senator Elizabeth Warren also introduced a bill that would allow students to borrow from the government at the same rate as banks. In 2015, she co-sponsored legislation along with Republican and independent senators that was built on the Banking Act of 1933 and intended to reduce the likelihood of future financial crises. Leading Opposition and Running for President Following the 2016 election of Republican Donald Trump to the presidency, Warren became an outspoken critic of his administration. A defining moment occurred during the confirmation hearing for Jeff Sessions, a Republican senator nominated for attorney general. Warren attempted to read a letter aloud that Coretta Scott King had written years earlier, arguing that Sessions used his powers to suppress black voters. Warren was stopped and censured by the Republican majority; she read the letter aloud on an Internet livestream instead. In his censure, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said, â€Å"[Warren] was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted.† The statement entered the pop culture lexicon and became a rallying cry for women’s movements. Senator Warren has opposed many of the Trump administration’s policies and has also spoken publicly about perceived conflicts of interest and misconduct by Trump himself. Warren has also been embroiled in her own headline-making scandal stemming from her claims to Native American heritage, which she repeated over the course of several years. When Warren took a DNA test that confirmed the presence of a Native ancestor, the controversy was compounded by tribal leaders’ criticism of using a DNA test results as a way of claiming Native American identity. Warren apologized for her handling of the controversy and clarified that she understands the difference between ancestry and actual tribal membership. In 2018, Warren won re-election by a landslide, taking 60% of the vote. Soon afterwards, news broke that she had formed an exploratory committee to run for president in 2020; she confirmed her candidacy in February 2019. Her platform is based on transparent policy proposals and a coalition of working class, union workers, women, and immigrants, and she positions herself as a direct contrast to the Trump-led Republican party of the current era. Sources â€Å"Elizabeth Warren Fast Facts.† CNN, 5 March 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/09/us/elizabeth-warren-fast-facts/index.htmlPacker, George. The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013.Pierce, Charles P. â€Å"The Watchdog: Elizabeth Warren.† The Boston Globe, 20 December 2009, http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2009/12/20/elizabeth_warren_is_the_bostonian_of_the_year/

The ideal person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The ideal person - Essay Example Shu represents Confucius’ golden rule, which warned against imposing on others what you did not want to be imposed upon you. The virtue refers to empathy whereby, an ideal person has the ability to view situations from other people’s perspectives without rendering harsh judgments from their personal appraisals of the situation. Closely related to this virtue is the concept of Zhong (loyalty), which implies that social roles define one’s moral duties. Confucius believed that an empathetic person possessed the ability to embrace people’s different perspectives, which resulted from their differing social roles (Riegel, 2008).Xiao referred to filial piety, which encompassed dimensions of social relations ordered in a hierarchy. These relations included ruler and the people, husband and wife, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, and older friend and younger friend. According to Confucius, an ideal person had the ability to respect those on the low er side of the hierarchy such as wife, younger friend or brother. In addition, proper functioning of the social relations constituted societal harmony (Riegel, 2008).Wen referred to leisurely activities undertaken by individuals; for example, music or arts. According to Confucius, individuals should embed moral themes in these activities, as it added societal value to these activities. He inferred that individuals should avoid engaging in creative pursuits that do not mirror any virtues (Riegel, 2008).

Project Planning and Management for Fire Company Essay

Project Planning and Management for Fire Company - Essay Example Formulation of the business strategies involves strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Various evaluation techniques include SWOT, STEEL PEST, and PISTEL. PISTEL helps in simple evaluation and is easy to use and understand. Fire is one of the most important facilities in our daily lives; it provides energy for transformation of goods to more usable and sellable products. It is also used for generation of electrical energy and other forms of energy that help in the manufacturer of goods and services. The great saying that fire is a useful servant but a bad master holds. Uncontrolled fire leads to destruction of property, loss of lives as well as causing major and minor injuries on the victims. To counter the negative effects of fire, various methods have been adapted by man, first is the insurance against the effects of fire. This insurance policy guarantees compensations if such losses occur. The insured person is compensated for loss of life, loss of property and any other loss that he may experience during the fire outbreak provided it is stipulated in the policy. Secondly, the company or individual may also install protective mechanism that helps suppressing the fire when it occurs. ... If the fire fighting company does not have enough facilities to fight with the fire, or if the staff are not well organized, or if other circumstance delay their response. Their services might be affected and this may lead cancellation of the contract and loses by the fire company. The fire firm must be well managed for it to be successful in its operations (Ash & Burn, 2002). The development of a strategic plan is very important in the overall success of the fire company. Careful evaluation need to be done by the firm to ensure that it offers very good services to its clients and also stimulate its employees to perform well. For the company to perform well, it must first develop it mission, vision and objectives clearly. The firm then must work towards fulfilling these goals. To archive these goals the firm must develop plans and policies which will aid it to archive the set goals. STRATEGY FORMULATION This is the first step is the formulation of the strategy, to formulate this strategy the following are necessary. Situation analysis This is the evaluation of the nature of the situation around the geographical area where the company wishes to establish the business. For the fire company the is need to evaluate if there are companies or individuals which need fire protection services, the events of previous fire outbreaks are also necessary as they help during the marketing stage of the service and fire fighting equipment. For example selling of fire fighting equipment and offering fire protection services in a town with numerous fire outbreaks is very profiting. The company management needs to carry out this situational analysis's in order to evaluate the feasibility of the project. The size of the market is also paramount during situational

Methods for accident investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods for accident investigation - Essay Example Causal factors can be broken down into three types. The first of these is direct cause, which describes the immediate aspect that caused the event. The second is a contributing cause, which acts with other events to increase how likely the accident was to occur. The final type of cause is a root factor, which would prevent the accident from reoccurring if it is corrected. These aspects can be determined through the use of different analytical approaches. The deductive approach makes use of a reasoning approach, which moves from a general perspective to a specific one, based on the postulation of the failure of a specific system or process. The second approach is inductive, which postulates that a particular event of fault has initiated the process. This is an overview approach. Finally, the morphological approach makes use of the way that the system that is being studied is structured. This considers what aspects have the most significant effects on safety. A five-step model was developed by SINTEF for investigating accidents. The first step is identifying the sequence of events the occurred prior to the accident, the second is determining failures and deviations that influenced the events. The third step involves working out the problems with the systems of management. The fourth step involves the identification of weaknesses in top management. Finally, the fifth step involves finding the weaknesses in the public safety framework. When investigating an accident, one of the main objectives is reporting and the provision of recommendations, which have the potential to prevent similar accidence from occurring in the future. The TRIPOD concept examines the organizational failures that are crucial to accident prevention, based on the arguments that substandard aspects occur as the result of mechanisms within organization. These often occur due to decisions in the organization, and the underlying mechanisms are

In what ways do socio-biological theorists explain criminal behaviour Essay

In what ways do socio-biological theorists explain criminal behaviour - Essay Example Biology does interact with sociological forces that take one to the path of crime. If this concept is perfectly understood, proper steps for effective treatment to offenders can be taken. Genetic variations are conducive to increased violence risk. To be precise men with an extra Y chromosome have a higher propensity for violence—this just one of the findings. Roger Hopkins Burke, in his book â€Å"An introduction to Criminological Theory,† writes, â€Å"Biological positivism behaviour can be explained by a genetic susceptibility triggered by environmental factors.†(p.63) He has discussed the issue in detail in a separate chapter on â€Å"Biological Positivism.†(p .55-72) He further adds that â€Å"Biological positivism suggests a direct link between testosterone and aggression.†(p.67) Adoption and twin studies also relate to biological influences on maladaptive behaviour. The other influencing factors are alcohol syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and birth defects. These conditions interact with sociological factors and thus add to the risks of criminal behaviour. The significant factor of criminality is found to be the effects of alcohol. Hormones have a telling effect on the aggression of an individual. Hormonal imbalance results in increased aggression. Childhood trauma and criminal behaviour have close links. With more or less unanimity about the influence of biology on criminal behaviour, it is time to look at the treatment modules of such criminals. A detailed study of biology, genetics and psychology is required to determine treatment of a particular criminal, for both mental health and correctional professionals. â€Å"Biological Positivism reduction in offending behaviors is seen as possible by the use of treatment pro grammes.†(p.71) The opposing viewpoints whether genetics plays the most important role or environmental factors are

Sales and purchase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales and purchase - Essay Example The input data that is required are item category, brand, quantity, cost, customer detail (name, address, phone and birthday), mode of payment, mode of sale and special scheme (e.g. discount). Once these data are entered into the system, it undergoes various processes before finally culminating in the delivery of the item. These processes can be broadly classified into six main areas; 2. The system then differentiates the mode of sale and categorising it into direct sale order or internet based order. This gives the management to make appropriate strategies and plans for their existing or emerging market. 3. With category and brand specified, it then checks for the stock status so that in case of any shortfall, alternative brands can be suggested or sold. This information (category and brand) also help to market other products that may add value to the items asked for. 4. The system then checks for any special offer or discount that the item might have at that particular time. This is an important process because the current market scenario has necessitated introduction of special schemes to attract customers in order to main their competitive edge. 'The ultimate schedule (discount) is one which maximises the suppliers' resultant economic gain, but does so at absolutely no added cost to the buyer' (Monahan, 1984). 5. If the mode of payment is other than cash transaction, the system performs credit check for the customer and accordingly, informs and suggests the customer for alternatives for payment schedules. 6. The system then confirms or refuses the sale/ purchase order and sends the same information on the terminal and generates invoice or sale/ purchase receipt. The completion of sales order is but the first of many other requisites of the input information that are essential for the management of the company. The growth and the future prospects of the business depend on the input data as they are able to divulge vital information about the products and the customers. The sale processing data helps the management to disseminate information that can be categorised into the following output formats; 1. The input data helps to generate current inventory status so that the products that need fresh stocks can be ordered much in advance. 2. The data also helps the management to assess the order flow pattern of the products and services so that the management is able to take appropriate steps in meeting the demands of their customer either by increasing the shopping hours or employing more staff to deal with the rush. This helps the management to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and general efficiency. This applies both to the days of the months and the specific hours of the day, during which there is marked difference in the sales and purchase pattern. 3. The data also help in finding out the popular items which are sold or purchased as well as the brands that are preferred thus helping the firm to introduce items or products that add value to the ones that are already popular. 4. The management can also maintain its client base by making efforts to

Australian government business relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian government business relations - Essay Example An interest group, also known as a 'Lobby Group', 'advocacy group', 'pressure group' or 'special interest-group', is a group of supporters that are trying to control, give confidence or prevent changes in civic policy without being designated to administrative centers, often in the cause of businesses (The Minerals Council of Australia) or political affairs (Australian Refugee Lobby) (Fitzgerald, 2006). In Australia, the earliest populist and highly-influential interest group initially appeared in 1905 with the 'Australian National Defence League', latterly pursued by 'The Universal Service League' in 1915, (Mark Hearn, 8th July 2003) which grouped the administration to set up staffing and necessary armed services. The concept of an "interest" group dates from Thrasymachus's assertion in the Republic of Plato that "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger." (Helpman 2001) Throughout much of this discourse, Socrates and Thrasymachus discuss the proposal of interest. T hey locate interest hard to describe because it would come out that every person may have both self-centeredness and a communal interest, which might cause disagreement. They argue that each profession has its own interest, which is the "excellence" of that profession (Grossman and Helpman 2001). These groups play an optimistic role owing to ... Long before any bill reaches the assemblies for its primary reading the interest groups will probably have to mark it with their operation in the justification of, or development of the interests of the businesses or group that they stand for. Australia has hundreds of interest groups actively operating both in central and state political affairs. In Canberra only there are more than 150 interest groups and dedicated group mentors. The business is closely coupled with political information, and frequently "retired" government bureaucrats will get service with interest groups as 'consultants' and work for the betterment of society. The Industry has a profits of more than one billion Australian dollars (Julian Fitzgerald, 2006. p12) making it a money-spinning professional choice, as can be perceived in the cases of previous Premier Bob Carr (Fitzgerald, 2006). Total Interest Groups Spending in Australia 1998 $1.45 Billion 1999 $1.45 Billion 2000 $1.57 Billion 2001 $1.63 Billion 2002 $1.83 Billion 2003 $2.06 Billion 2004 $2.19 Billion 2005 $2.42 Billion 2006 $2.54 Billion (Australia, total lobbying spending, 2006, online) As Fels, Dean of The Australian School of administration once declared: "There isn't anything erroneous with 'interest groups' per se. It is a justifiable part of a healthy democratic system and society" (online). This is the directing illumination of the existing commonwealth Australian regime. Since 1996, twenty five per cent of two hundred former workers of the Howard administration have turned out to be 'lobbyists' or members of interest groups. One hundred previous personnel of the Hawke/Keating administrations are also soundly mended with

Sales and purchase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales and purchase - Essay Example The input data that is required are item category, brand, quantity, cost, customer detail (name, address, phone and birthday), mode of payment, mode of sale and special scheme (e.g. discount). Once these data are entered into the system, it undergoes various processes before finally culminating in the delivery of the item. These processes can be broadly classified into six main areas; 2. The system then differentiates the mode of sale and categorising it into direct sale order or internet based order. This gives the management to make appropriate strategies and plans for their existing or emerging market. 3. With category and brand specified, it then checks for the stock status so that in case of any shortfall, alternative brands can be suggested or sold. This information (category and brand) also help to market other products that may add value to the items asked for. 4. The system then checks for any special offer or discount that the item might have at that particular time. This is an important process because the current market scenario has necessitated introduction of special schemes to attract customers in order to main their competitive edge. 'The ultimate schedule (discount) is one which maximises the suppliers' resultant economic gain, but does so at absolutely no added cost to the buyer' (Monahan, 1984). 5. If the mode of payment is other than cash transaction, the system performs credit check for the customer and accordingly, informs and suggests the customer for alternatives for payment schedules. 6. The system then confirms or refuses the sale/ purchase order and sends the same information on the terminal and generates invoice or sale/ purchase receipt. The completion of sales order is but the first of many other requisites of the input information that are essential for the management of the company. The growth and the future prospects of the business depend on the input data as they are able to divulge vital information about the products and the customers. The sale processing data helps the management to disseminate information that can be categorised into the following output formats; 1. The input data helps to generate current inventory status so that the products that need fresh stocks can be ordered much in advance. 2. The data also helps the management to assess the order flow pattern of the products and services so that the management is able to take appropriate steps in meeting the demands of their customer either by increasing the shopping hours or employing more staff to deal with the rush. This helps the management to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and general efficiency. This applies both to the days of the months and the specific hours of the day, during which there is marked difference in the sales and purchase pattern. 3. The data also help in finding out the popular items which are sold or purchased as well as the brands that are preferred thus helping the firm to introduce items or products that add value to the ones that are already popular. 4. The management can also maintain its client base by making efforts to

Organic Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organic Chemistry - Lab Report Example The extraction of compounds from these natural products is an example of solid/ liquid extraction-the solid being the natural product and the liquid being the solvent into which the compounds are extracted. In research, a Soxhlet extractor is often used for solid/liquid extraction. Although solid/liquid extraction is the most common technique for brewing beverages and isolating compounds from natural products, liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method used in the organic laboratory, specifically when isolating reaction products. Reactions are typically homogeneous liquid mixtures and can therefore be extracted with either an organic or aqueous solvent. Organic reactions often yield a number of by products-some inorganic and some organic. Also, because some organic reactions do not go to 100% completion, a small amount of starting material is present at the end of the reaction. When a reaction is complete, it is necessary to do a workup, that is, separate and purify the desired product from the mixture of byproducts and residual starting material. Liquid/liquid extraction is a common separation step in this workup, which is then followed by purification of the product. There are two types of liquid/liquid extractions: neutral and acid/base. ... 2 CH3CH2CH2CH2OH +2NaBr +H2S042CH3CH2CH2CH2Br +2H20 +Na2S04 The 1-bromobutane is isolated from the reaction mixture by extraction with t-butyl methyl ether, an organic solvent in which 1-bromobutane is soluble and in which water and sodium sulfate are insoluble. The extraction is accomplished by simply adding t-butyl methyl ether to the aqueous mixture and shaking it. Two layers will result: an organic layer and an aqueous layer. The t-butyl methyl ether is less dense than water and floats on top; it is easily removed/drained away from the water layer and evaporated to leave the bromo product free of inorganic substances, which reside in the aqueous layer. Partition Coefficient The extraction of a compound such as 1-butanol, which is slightly soluble in water as well as very soluble in ether, is an equilibrium process governed by the solubilities of the alcohol in the two solvents. The ratio of the solubilities is known as the distribution coeeficient, also called the partition coefficient (k), and is an equilibirium constant with a certain value for a given substance, pair of solvents, and temperature The concentration of the solute in each solvent can be well correlated with the solubility of the solute in the pure solvent, a figure that is readily found in solubility tables in reference books. For substance C K = concentration of C in t-butyl methyl ether Concentration of C in water >solubility of C in t-butyl methyl ether (g/100mL) Solubility of C in water (g/100mL) Consider compound A that dissolves in t-butyl methyl ether to the extent of 12 g/100mLand dissolves in water to the extent of 6g/100mL. K = 12g/100mL

Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay Example for Free

Guerrillas in Arkansas Essay During the American Civil War, there were such things called guerrillas. No, I am not talking about the muscular black creatures that hide in the jungle. Though that is exactly how the Confederate independent companies got there name. Where and when did guerrilla warfare begin? Who did it involve? Who were these so called guerrillas and what was there strategy? Did certain Military commanders in Arkansas make an impact on the use of guerrillas? What were the strategies that Federals and Unionists used to stop guerrilla warfare? Daniel Sutherland’s Guerrillas: The Real War In Arkansas explains how partisan fighters helped shape the strategic and tactical patterns of the war. Shows us the reasons men became guerrillas, their roles in the Confederate service, and the guerrilla operations effectiveness. First off, guerrilla warfare began in February 1862 after Federal forces infiltrated as far south as Fayetteville and Batesville. In self-defense, Arkansans became guerrillas and started skirmishes. Guerrillas were formed with men who had been serving outside Arkansas in Confederate units or away from their family and homes. Not to be a traitor or do what they pleased but men often left the paper army to fight near their homes, where it matter most! Federal soldiers easily outnumbered and overpowered local defenses because Confederate government did not commit nearly enough troops to Arkansas. These guerrillas were shadow warriors and ghosts who struck Federal soldiers and Unionist flanks and rears. Guerrilla ambushes and midnight raids in Arkansas was how the Civil War was fought. Not a war within the war, but THE WAR. Secondly, General Earl Van Dorn became the first Confederate commander to endorse the use of Arkansas guerrillas in May 1862. After Van Dorn’s retreat from Pea Ridge, he has little choice for hundreds of men deserted to fight in isolated bands in northwest Arkansas. In June 1862, General Thomas C. Hindman, commander of the Confederacy’s Trans-Mississippi District, gave his final blessing to the formal organization of independent companies or â€Å"guerrillas. In theory, companies were to be governed by the same regulations as other regular troops, and elect their own officers. Arkansas’s terrain of mountains and deep rivers favored guerrilla actions in the north, and swamps in the south. The most costly economic factors and the most annoying of all guerrilla strategies were the suffering of river traffic and confiscation of its cargo. Guerrillas would hold the boats, take the cargo, and serve as commissaries to the interior. Last, what were the Federal soldiers and Unionist going to do to stop guerrilla warfare? Because up until the end of the war the United States government were basically supplying the Confederates and fighting them at the same time. In 1863, the Federals had released their counter-guerrilla campaign. A campaign that would have several regiments of good troops be raised in Arkansas for a short time to put down guerrillas. The counter-guerrilla acts were successful by reducing the power of Confederate guerrillas. An extensive variety of strategies were played by Federal forces to defeat irregulars in Arkansas. Arkansas Unionist forces were used as anti-guerrilla troops. Forces which used gunboats to control the waterways throughout rivers, and the head marshal’s military system that spied on alleged guerrillas and imprison those caught. By reinforcing that system, the Federal army developed an effective force themselves and defended Confederate raiders strategic targets. In conclusion, guerrilla warfare started because the Federal soldiers and Unionist outnumbered the structured Confederate Army. Protecting those they care about by remaining near their homes while settling family feuds. These guerrillas used tactics such as night raids, bushwhacks, and attacking the flanks and rears of Federal soldiers. General Van Horn and General Hindman backed the idea of forming an independent company called guerrillas after the losing both battles at Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove. Both Generals knew that the Arkansas terrain could give the Confederates an advantage to stop forces moving further south. The United States government basically supplied the Confederate as the same time of fighting. After realization, a counter-guerrilla campaign was put into action to stop Confederate raiders.

Essay --

The History of a Pià ±ata A pià ±ata is known to be a container that is made of a few different materials. They are mostly made of pottery, cloth or paper machà ©. Pià ±atas are usually decorated, filled with candy and toys so that when they are broken during a celebration or ceremony, the goodies burst out for everyone to enjoy. Pià ±atas come in a lot of different colors and shapes. When the pià ±atas were first made, the Chinese pià ±atas were in the shape of an ox or cow and used for the New Year celebration. Today, pià ±atas come in many shapes, colors, designs and even characters. Some people believe that the pià ±ata’s origin is not Spanish, it is Chinese. For the Chinese, it was decorated with real symbols and the colors that were used for the pià ±ata were mainly used to bring good weather for the next season. During that time, the contents of the pià ±ata were not toys and candy, but instead five different seeds. It is now known to have a meaning for Christian’s during the celebration of Lent in Spain. The pià ±ata can be easily made with using only few materials such as cardboard tubes from pap... Essay -- The History of a Pià ±ata A pià ±ata is known to be a container that is made of a few different materials. They are mostly made of pottery, cloth or paper machà ©. Pià ±atas are usually decorated, filled with candy and toys so that when they are broken during a celebration or ceremony, the goodies burst out for everyone to enjoy. Pià ±atas come in a lot of different colors and shapes. When the pià ±atas were first made, the Chinese pià ±atas were in the shape of an ox or cow and used for the New Year celebration. Today, pià ±atas come in many shapes, colors, designs and even characters. Some people believe that the pià ±ata’s origin is not Spanish, it is Chinese. For the Chinese, it was decorated with real symbols and the colors that were used for the pià ±ata were mainly used to bring good weather for the next season. During that time, the contents of the pià ±ata were not toys and candy, but instead five different seeds. It is now known to have a meaning for Christian’s during the celebration of Lent in Spain. The pià ±ata can be easily made with using only few materials such as cardboard tubes from pap...

In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about :: English Literature

In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about age and youth in times of war. Explore the feelings that the poets express and the ways in which they communicate these feelings to you. To answer the question above, I first have to get a vague idea of what both poems are about. It is obvious to see that both poems are about war and explore issues of youth and the aged. In my opinion both poems are anti-war and are against youth being sent to fight, and the way that the youth of England was abused by older or more powerful people to keep themselves safe and that is what I will be trying to explore, among other things, in this essay. I will analyse both of the poems individually as well as making comparisons throughout, as well as some final comparisons and a summary of the points in the conclusion. I will start with 'Of the Great White War'. In the poem the writer expresses his hypocrisy of the older generation. Examples are throughout but one is shown on line nine of the poem '(the aged) mouthed fair phrases one upon the other upon the supreme sacrifice'. That line alone has many examples of hypocrisy and half-truths. The use of 'Mouthed' as a description of how the aged talked about the war and the death of young men is designed by the writer to give the impression of falseness and lies. It is said without meaning or heart as if the speaker is not actually saying it, just pretending to as a routine or a duty. The saying of 'one upon the other' yet again is a way of making the aged men's words seem false and piled on top of each other without meaning. Describing the words as 'fair phrases' adds a sarcastic tone to the whole sentence, and 'phrases' reinforces the fact that the words are not meant to be true and are just phrases, things that are said as an everyday thing without thought. Finally the author talks about the 'supreme sacrifice' replacing death, as that is what the sacrifice was in the end. I think he disliked the term as he uses it in a negative sentence as he most likely felt it glorified death, and he disliked the attitude of old people as even though they talked about the glorious deaths and sacrifices, they were hypocrites not willing to die themselves. The poet also in the poem expresses his anger at young people being sent to die throughout the poem. An example of this is on lines five In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about :: English Literature In Of the Great White War and Base Details, the poets write about age and youth in times of war. Explore the feelings that the poets express and the ways in which they communicate these feelings to you. To answer the question above, I first have to get a vague idea of what both poems are about. It is obvious to see that both poems are about war and explore issues of youth and the aged. In my opinion both poems are anti-war and are against youth being sent to fight, and the way that the youth of England was abused by older or more powerful people to keep themselves safe and that is what I will be trying to explore, among other things, in this essay. I will analyse both of the poems individually as well as making comparisons throughout, as well as some final comparisons and a summary of the points in the conclusion. I will start with 'Of the Great White War'. In the poem the writer expresses his hypocrisy of the older generation. Examples are throughout but one is shown on line nine of the poem '(the aged) mouthed fair phrases one upon the other upon the supreme sacrifice'. That line alone has many examples of hypocrisy and half-truths. The use of 'Mouthed' as a description of how the aged talked about the war and the death of young men is designed by the writer to give the impression of falseness and lies. It is said without meaning or heart as if the speaker is not actually saying it, just pretending to as a routine or a duty. The saying of 'one upon the other' yet again is a way of making the aged men's words seem false and piled on top of each other without meaning. Describing the words as 'fair phrases' adds a sarcastic tone to the whole sentence, and 'phrases' reinforces the fact that the words are not meant to be true and are just phrases, things that are said as an everyday thing without thought. Finally the author talks about the 'supreme sacrifice' replacing death, as that is what the sacrifice was in the end. I think he disliked the term as he uses it in a negative sentence as he most likely felt it glorified death, and he disliked the attitude of old people as even though they talked about the glorious deaths and sacrifices, they were hypocrites not willing to die themselves. The poet also in the poem expresses his anger at young people being sent to die throughout the poem. An example of this is on lines five

Philosophy Prep Essay

1. What are the different branches of philosophy, and what are they about? 2.Explain what a fallacy is. What kind of mistake is someone making when they commit a formal fallacy in an argument? 3. What is â€Å"wisdom,† and how does philosophy relate to it? 4. Describe the nature of critical thinking. What advantage does the critical thinker have over someone who lacks that skill? 5. Describe and explain the steps in the critical-thinking process. 6. What is wrong with â€Å"relativism† as a thought process? What does the relativist need to understand? 7. What do you think you can fruitfully learn from the study of philosophy? How can you apply philosophy to your life? 8. Describe the influence of Homer on early Greek thought. How did he pave the way for philosophical thought? 9. Describe and explain the underlying philosophy of knowledge that guided Socrates’ method of knowledge. 10. Who were the sophists, and why did they oppose Socrates? 11. Explain why Socrates was arrested. How did he respond to the charges against him? 12. Explain Plato’s view of the soul. Why did he liken it to a chariot? 13. What was Descartes’ conclusion about the nature of the self, and how did he arrive at that conclusion? 14. How did John Locke’s views differ from those of Descartes? How did that determine Locke’s views of the self? 15. What was Hume’s argument for the position that there is no such thing as the self? 16. What was distinctive about Kant’s view of the nature of self as related to experience? 17. What was Ryle’s view of the mental as it relates to the physical? How did Ryle’s view differ from those before him? 18. What are the two forms of physicalism? How do they differ from each other? 19. What is determinism? How is it different from the thesis that there is no free will? 20. What is hard determinism, and how is it argued for? 21. What did Baron D’Holbach mean by saying that â€Å"Absence of constraint is not absence of necessity†? 22. Explain the distinction that was made by W.T. Stace in arguing for the compatibility of free will with determinism. 23.What did Moritz Schlick mean by saying â€Å"If decisions were causeless there would be no sense in trying to influence men†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What role did this thought have in his theory of free will? 24. What is existentialism? Explain Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialist position on the nature of free actions. 25. Give some examples of questions that are asked in metaphysics. Which one(s) do you think are best indicative of the subject matter of metaphysics? Explain. 26. Describe the subject matter of epistemology, and explain what questions in epistemology you think are worth pursuing. 27. Describe Plato’s doctrine of the Forms. What questions was it meant to answer? 28. Describe Plato’s hierarchical metaphysics, explaining the relationships between the levels. 29. Explain and contrast the theories of knowledge of rationalism and empiricism. 30. How did Descartes go out about pursuing only knowledge that could be absolutely certain? What did he find?

Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblower

Catherine Zulfer, a former employee of playboy filed a suit against them alleging that Playboy Enterprises violated provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The former employee reports that playboy retaliated against her for refusing to participate in fraudulent activity against Playboy’s shareholders (Katz, Marshall& Banks, LLP, 2013). Without receiving permission from the board of directors, Christopher Pachler, Chief Financial Officer, instructed Zulfer to gather one million dollars in bonuses for various corporate officers of the company.At that time Zulfer felt that Pachler was attempting to embezzle the money from the company, therefore she denied the request until it was approved by the board. Zulfer then informed Playboys General Counsel and the Securities and Exchange Commission of the request that was made by Pachler. Soon after Zulfer made the report, she claims that retaliation against her began. She was excluded from company meetings and discussions, crucial information to her position was withheld from her, and her accounting staff was diminishing (Katz, Marshall & Banks, LLP, 2013).On December 31, 2011 Zulfer was terminated, although Playboy describes it as a layoff. Issue: Did Playboy violate the whistleblower-protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (â€Å"SOX†)? Rule: The Playboy Company retaliated against Zulter for refusing to participate in fraud regarding the playboy shareholders. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (SOX) one rule prohibits any employer from retaliation against and employee. Another rule is that under this law employees are protected when they speak of a wrongdoing within the workplace.â€Å"Under SOX, employers are strictly prohibited from retaliating against employees who report illegal or unethical conduct. Employees are also protected when making disclosures about shareholder fraud or violations of SEC rules and regulations. † (Halunen, p. 1, Para. 1) Analysis: Append reflecti on Zulter dismissal was retaliation against her by the playboy company, because she reported and activity of fraud with the playboy shareholders.In this case, Zulter was continually excluded from meetings and discussions, withholding crucial information she needed to carry out her corporate accounting responsibilities, and eliminating corporate accounting staff. Conclusion: In the end, the courts dismissed playboy’s argument reaffirming that under the bylaws of (SOX) employees are protected from employees from retaliation for reporting violations of â€Å"any rule of regulation of the SEC.Zulfer was protected under the SOX Act, whistle-blower‘s of publicly traded companies are protected. Employers are not supposed to retaliate or discriminate against employees in the terms and conditions of their employment. The plaintiff provided information regarding violations the company was participating in; the violations that can be of a federal fraud statute, a rule or regulati on of the SEC, or a provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.The team agrees that Zulfer was protected under the Act and that the Act is there to bring forth more white collar crimes that would not otherwise be disclosed if the was not there to protect and compensate. SOX promotes honesty without fear, the whistle-blower provisions of the SOX Act provides a general framework for ensuring that employees (including attorneys and auditors) disclose information which may harm investors. Sarbanes-Oxley Whistleblower Catherine Zulfer, a former employee of playboy filed a suit against them alleging that Playboy Enterprises violated provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The former employee reports that playboy retaliated against her for refusing to participate in fraudulent activity against Playboy’s shareholders (Katz, Marshall& Banks, LLP, 2013). Without receiving permission from the board of directors, Christopher Pachler, Chief Financial Officer, instructed Zulfer to gather one million dollars in bonuses for various corporate officers of the company.At that time Zulfer felt that Pachler was attempting to embezzle the money from the company, therefore she denied the request until it was approved by the board. Zulfer then informed Playboys General Counsel and the Securities and Exchange Commission of the request that was made by Pachler. Soon after Zulfer made the report, she claims that retaliation against her began. She was excluded from company meetings and discussions, crucial information to her position was withheld from her, and her accounting staff was diminishing (Katz, Marshall & Banks, LLP, 2013).On December 31, 2011 Zulfer was terminated, although Playboy describes it as a layoff. Issue: Did Playboy violate the whistleblower-protection provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (â€Å"SOX†)? Rule: The Playboy Company retaliated against Zulter for refusing to participate in fraud regarding the playboy shareholders. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, (SOX) one rule prohibits any employer from retaliation against and employee. Another rule is that under this law employees are protected when they speak of a wrongdoing within the workplace.â€Å"Under SOX, employers are strictly prohibited from retaliating against employees who report illegal or unethical conduct. Employees are also protected when making disclosures about shareholder fraud or violations of SEC rules and regulations. † (Halunen, p. 1, Para. 1) Analysis: Append reflecti on Zulter dismissal was retaliation against her by the playboy company, because she reported and activity of fraud with the playboy shareholders.In this case, Zulter was continually excluded from meetings and discussions, withholding crucial information she needed to carry out her corporate accounting responsibilities, and eliminating corporate accounting staff. Conclusion: In the end, the courts dismissed playboy’s argument reaffirming that under the bylaws of (SOX) employees are protected from employees from retaliation for reporting violations of â€Å"any rule of regulation of the SEC.Zulfer was protected under the SOX Act, whistle-blower‘s of publicly traded companies are protected. Employers are not supposed to retaliate or discriminate against employees in the terms and conditions of their employment. The plaintiff provided information regarding violations the company was participating in; the violations that can be of a federal fraud statute, a rule or regulati on of the SEC, or a provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.The team agrees that Zulfer was protected under the Act and that the Act is there to bring forth more white collar crimes that would not otherwise be disclosed if the was not there to protect and compensate. SOX promotes honesty without fear, the whistle-blower provisions of the SOX Act provides a general framework for ensuring that employees (including attorneys and auditors) disclose information which may harm investors.