History & Tradition of Jazz Essay

Why is jazz hard to define? Describe some of the reasons why it is sometimes difficult to determine if a musical recording or a performance qualifies as jazz? There is no single definition however there are 5 basic guidelines that loosely define jazz when followed to one degree or another. Jazz is a form of individual artistic musical expression. Jazz is performed in so many different styles, is part of many other types of music, and play by various instruments. Musicians develop their own style and sound. Describe the relationship between the rules rhythm section instruments must adhere to and the freedoms they have to play what they want in fulfilling their role? The rhythm section usually consists of a bass, drums and piano or guitar. Their role is to support the soloist even if they are playing while the soloist is performing. While they have the freedom to play by improvising, they must do so in a manner supportive to the soloist. Describe how the roles of these three instruments change during the course of a song in a jazz performance: piano, trumpet, bass? The piano plays chords that accompany the melody of the song. The piano feeds the soloist with rhythmic or melodic ideas. The trumpet is versatile in that the various mutes give it different sounds. The trumpet leads the melody. The bass provides a steady beat playing the note that outlines the chord on every beat. Describe what happens during an improvised solo both in terms of the soloist and the other members of the group? The soloist is composing on the spot His solo is unrehearsed and he needs to be able to formulate the melodies in his head before he plays them. He also needs to listen to the input from the other instruments and follow their lead while improvising and interacting with the other musicians. The non-soloists can either stop playing or continue to play in a role supportive to the soloist following their lead and providing musical leads which the soloist can take off on a tangent with.

Maketing Process Various Element Essay

The focus is the mass production. A business orientated around production believes that the â€Å"economies of scale† generated by mass production will reduce costs and maximise profits. In this process there is less focus on product design and packaging and even to be special or unique look, at the end customer are paying for the product and you pay for what you get. So for this is a plain marketing in my opinion. Product Orientation This approach is almost opposite to the previous one. This type of companies believes that its product’s high quality make it a superior product. Neglecting sometimes about the customer’s wants and needs. Sales Orientation Make the product, and then sell it to the target market. However as we know sales usually aren’t this simple. An effective marketing strategy requires market and marketing research. Market Orientation This type of strategy puts every effort to understand the customer and his needs. Market research is the key to launching new products or services, every single step. Jack Cohen started his business in a very critical period for the UK there where a food shortage after the First World War and a big crisis just got to its top Situation was very difficult! Jack Cohen applied a strategy of ‘pile it high and sell it cheap’. His strategy was a great success because he knew exactly what customer’s need and so for all his focus is to make sure there enough food for everyone. In London space is limited he went outside to bigger space this step was a great success. Jack Cohen did adapt to this problem of space by giving Tesco bigger place to promote its products. As he was focused on sales and customer needs he should have been on top of it all time but it did come a period where he didn’t realise that people after 2nd world war are changing and needs are not simple are very variable and complex, customers are looking for more than just what would satisfy their basic needs! And that’s where Tesco life cycle got into its down or decline that’s where Tesco did face problem. After a good few years of hardship Tesco managers have had another way of sorting all in once getting help from local authorities this was the key door to a new era Tesco newly born and adapting to the market needs segmentation of the market through offering different stores in size and product will make Tesco the though number1 of stores as different ages and categories is attracted, he had the price already in good and successful strategy low enough to attract individuals from low household income and the loyalty cards that offers more saving. According to (Kotler, Marketing management) marketing should be dealt with and visualised around minimum 4 elements, product, place, price, and promotion and in further editions of his book he added other elements to those as politic, public†¦ I think Tesco have a good name and long history and that needs to be highlighted more and more, a good marketing strategy needs on top of pricing as well positioning the product and make it unique in satisfying that group of people’s needs, so for sibling a group of people and making a product to satisfy their needs and give it the price that makes them happy and promoting this product. Sale is the outcome or a result but don’t forget to make them come back by giving after sale service, where the customer will be secure and happy knowing he has been backed up by you the seller. Your supermarket or place of shopping, it’s not only where you buy your food supply from as well as the name that you trust and adhere to, as a business focusing on your existing customers it’s a better strategy than trying always to win more customers. By listening to your customers and knowing their needs and the after sales service will give the company a longer life cycle.

Evening News Essay

News is information or a presentation about current events and is reported by a variety of means such as newspapers, periodicals, radio, television and websites on the Internet. The reporting of news falls into the field of journalism, which are typically written or broadcast in news style. Most news is investigated and presented by journalists and can be distributed to various sites via news agencies. On the other hand, according to a web encyclopedia, â€Å"Short for Web log, a blog is a Web page that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal for an individual. Typically updated daily, blogs often reflect the personality of the author.†(par. 1). A blog is a mixture of a person’s experiences in life and what is happening on the Web. It is like a kind of a personal diary-cum-guide site. There are unique types of people, thus, there are as many unique types of blogs as well. In another case, a blog is also a web site that contains dated entries in reverse chronological order (most recent first) about a particular topic. Functioning as an online newsletter, blogs can be written by one person or a group of contributors. Entries contain commentary and links to other Web sites, and images as well as a search facility is also included. Most blogs also invite feedback and comments from visitors and Internet newsgroup discussions, which tend to be more question-and-answer oriented. People have already maintained blogs before but it only gained momentum in 1999 when automated published systems were introduced. Nowadays, thousands of people use web site blog hosting services to simplify and accelerate the publishing process. The template-based software makes it easy to create an online blog and continuously allows you to add entries. Similarly like news, a blog   is a form of media. However, news is considered a traditional media while blog is connoted as internet type of media. It is a platform to communicate what anyone may wish to let anyone know within reach of an internet connection. In traditional media, you are first defined by your medium. There is some constraint on how the contents are delivered physically or digitally which is determined by your medium. According to Maverick blog article, â€Å"There is a cost versus time versus interest versus access series of constraints that determines who your audience is, how you reach them and what they expect of you. Over time, those constraints have evolved our media into very defined roles†(par. 3). Blogs are different. There is no cost constraint. It costs nothing to create a blog. There are time constraints, but much less than traditional media. Bloggers are not pressured   to publish or create an article on a schedule. Blogging is basically personal and this is where the paths of blogging and traditional media diverge. Traditional media is business, thus it has become exclusively corporate while blogging remains almost exclusively personal. However, some bloggers have started to make money from their blogs but what they put in their blogs is all up to them which gives them satisfaction.   Members of traditional media are employees. They get hired for a specific job and they have to do that job. They get hired by a corporation that is most likely public, which means that their employers are concerned in getting their stock price up above all else. Thus, they write news and articles that is dictated by subjects perceived to make more money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In comparison to mainstream media, blog gives anyone the freedom to write about anything. They can write opinion. They can report facts. They can ask questions. They can write any topics they want. Individual Web surfers post their own eclectic and varied thoughts. Still, others such as known political parties, religious and professional groups, businesses, and media organizations have created their own blog sites too. A report by Snow states that, â€Å"audience for blogs in general is more than 3.5 million strong, and growing. One group that surveys political blogs believes between 20,000 and 25,000 people are regularly talking about political topics on Weblogs. These days people from every corner of the country are finding each other on screen. The impact of all this dialogue is hard to gauge, but it is clearly shaping politics and media coverage†(par. 16-18). Wright also presented that â€Å"Blogging grew from the ground up as a grassroots effort. What started as a few people conversing about common interests via real-time Internet postings has become a continuous conversation among millions of   bloggers and readers. With millions of bloggers expressing their thoughts, experiences, and information they’ve learned in their fields of interest, this medium has become a worldwide forum†(3). Another interesting development of blog in comparison to traditional media is that even news agencies have created their own section termed newsblogs. Auty argues that â€Å"newsblogs supplement and work alongside traditional news media by filtering and reporting news. She praises the growth of personal diaries and eyewitness accounts (such as those that sprung up after 9/ 11) but overall sees blogs as being a new way of distributing and collecting the news rather than a new source of news itself†(341). The rapid pace of technology is changing the nature of blogs as well. The popularity of digital audio players such as the iPod has spurred the growth of blogs with audio content. People can download a wide range of audio files like music and listen to them at their convenience using a PC or a portable media player. The rapid adoption in the use of cell phones with built-in digital cameras and wireless Internet connections is also changing the face and pace of blogging. Bloggers armed with these tools can snap a picture, writes a short caption and then post it on a â€Å"moblog† or mobile log, regardless of time and place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, with these conveniences brought about by blogging and the personal satisfaction they give on people, it is not surprising that future generations will no longer subscribe to traditional media. As Wright argues, â€Å"blogs have the power to create businesses, change the course of political history, and transform the way the mainstream or traditional media looks at itself.†(2). BIBLIOGRAPHY Auty, Caroline(Editor). Politics and Government in the Age of the Internet. Bradford, , UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005. p 341. Blogging Vs. Traditional Media. Blog Maverick Website. May 13, 2006. 27 Oct. 2006 Snow, Kate. The Power of the Blog. ABC News website. Sept. 26, 2004. 27 Oct. 2006 Webopedia. The No. 1 Online Encyclopedia dedicated to Computer Technology. 26 Oct. 2006 Wright, Jeremy. Blog Marketing. Blacklick, OH, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, The, 2005. p 2-3.   

Online learning bibliography Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online learning - Annotated Bibliography Example For instance, knowledge construction via collaborative discussion is vital since collaboration methods sequence, define, and assign learning activities to distinct learners and can in turn facilitate activities such as construction of arguments during discussions. Leer, R., & Ivanov, S. (2013). Rethinking the future of learning: The possibilities and limitations of technology in education in the 21st century. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 5(4), 14-20. In this article, the author argues that technology is very important in data analysis. By the use of computers, one can assess quantitative data of great magnitude and at a very fast speed much faster than any person can accomplish. Moreover, technology saves on time in data analysis with certain appropriate software in that one can easily analyze data by just entering it in a computer specifying the characteristic to be checked and within no time, the results are ready. Therefore, via online learning, students will be able to access important data at a fast rate and easily. Marchetti, C., & Long, G. (2011). The Importance of Interaction for Academic Success in Online Courses with Hearing, Deaf, and Hard-of-Hearing Students. Retrieved 16 March 2014 from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1015/1952 In this article, the authors state that online learning is rapidly growing because of advancement in technology. The authors argue that online learning is the best method of learning since it gives a student more interaction options. For instance, online learning promotes student-student interaction and student-instructor socialization, which increases quality of information dissemination. Via online learning, students are in a position to talk directly to their teachers and fellow students using discussion forum features and chat messaging of

Entrepreneurship and Innovation assignment Essay

Entrepreneurship and Innovation assignment - Essay Example Taking the customers to the sky is not easy. Security of the customers is the primary concern of the business. Dinner in the Sky will use a crane to elevate the furniture, crew, food and 22 to 350 diners as high as 180 ft up. The structure of the eatery will be portable and will need a space of almost 1500 sq.ft, hence can be held anywhere (sea side, public place, historical sites and fields etc), (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2010). The company's suspended table measures 26 ft x 19 ft (8m x 6m) and weighs approximately 17,600 (7983.25 kg) lbs fully loaded (11,000 lbs (4989.6kg)unloaded). Eight cables, connected at points on all four sides, bind the table to a crane. The company has planned to work with safety agencies before introducing the concept to the public. During inspection, seats will be overloaded with weights of more than 330 lbs (150 kg) each. Diners will be locked into their chairs by six-point seat belts that operate from the back side of the seat so they cannot disconnect thems elves. The company will certify its system for safety by European-based testing agency (Mills et al, 2003). The restaurant industry of the UK is known to be growing at a steady rate despite the economic crisis. Studies and research show that because of the credit crunch, the restaurant industry has remained strong. ... h their families and partners and prefer to visit those places which offer good food at reasonable prices and a comfortable seating arrangement so as not to cause any inconvenience (Franck, 2005; Duffill, 1993). Dinner in the Sky offers a unique experience to the market and brings about an innovative idea to take the customers to the sky and give them the ultimate dining experience. The size of the Target Market which the company will be specifically catering to would be the 10% of the population of the city who belong to the Social Economic Class A and B. The lower middle class and the middle class would also be welcomed through trade promotions and discounts to leverage the revenues of its business later in the business cycle of Dinner in The Sky. Part B 1. Financial Requirements The company is seeking loan guaranty for $142,000 with a 7% interest rate, which will approximately come up to ?10,000 per annum. The company is investing ?441,000 of its own capital. Its start-up costs co me to ?583,000 which is mostly expensed equipment, furniture, painting, reconstruction, rent, start-up labor, liquor license, six months operating cash, and legal and consulting costs associated with opening its restaurant. According to the financial projection the company will require ?583,000 as start-up expenditure. The company shall generate ?780,000 in sales by the end of the first year and produce net profits over and above its break-even of 312 customers. As it is shown in the Annexure, the business will initially face cash flow problems as it will take a while for it to generate a strong customer base. However, the business will generate enough cash inflows so as to give the owner the payback of the invested amount. 2. Market Segmentation Dinner in the Sky Restaurant will intend to

Fast Food Restaurant Business Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fast Food Restaurant Business Plan - Term Paper Example This paper deals with the marketing plan of Minnesota Fast Food Restaurant which is a small fast food outlet at Minnesota and has been in operations for last five years. The unit is intending to transform itself into a proper fast food restaurant by means of innovative and resourceful strategies. This marketing plan is based on both the qualitative and quantitative approaches to the collection of data. The qualitative approach will include the use of observations and focus on statistics regarding fast food industry. The quantitative approach will involve the use journals, magazines, and online stuff from different websites. Presently the point is offering few local fast food items to the general public of Cottage Grove. This business plan has been made after making a comprehensive research and evaluating a variety of issues concerning fast food restaurant industry in Minnesota in the city of Cottage Grove. The main purpose and scope of this plan is to provide particular information a bout the industry and to highlight the critical areas for successful launching of a new fast food restaurant in Minnesota. The data discussed in this business plan is based on some certain facts and has been collected through number of sources. A careful attempt has been made to present real time data, however, this information may change at any time due to occurrence of any changes in the target market, and thus the actual outcomes may differ from the projected results. 2. OBJECTIVES Major objectives of Minnesota Fast Food Restaurant with respect to financial, marketing, and societal perspectives are: To increase the recognition of brand image of Minnesota Fast Food Restaurant To increase the market share of Minnesota Fast Food Restaurant To make the target market aware of the new brands and make sure to convince them to come and enjoy these brands time and again Objectives Market share (in Cottage Grave) 2013 to 2014 05-07% By the end of 2015 07-10% 3. MISSION STATEMENTS Generatio n of revenue and profit is the main purpose of any organization and same will be for Minnesota Fast Food Restaurant. Since it’s a service provider unit, therefore, customer service is the base of its existence. Our aim is to become the first choice of the customers and make them staying with us time and again. We believe in PEARL strategy as our core value i.e. Passion for excellence in doing everything Execute with positive energy and urgency Accountable for growth in customer satisfaction and profitability Recognize the achievement of others and have fun doing it Listen and more importantly respond to the voice of customer 4. KEY TO SUCCESS The key points for successful launching of our products and services are: Developing of a corporate strategy regarding the management of fast food and meeting the changing tastes of consumer behaviour Unique and innovative menu that may give us a competitive edge on

Visual Re-design of an Existing Logo for a Company or Product with a Essay

Visual Re-design of an Existing Logo for a Company or Product with a Series of Visual Ideas to Support a Communications Campaign - Essay Example Logo has an important role to play because it is used to represent the organization in different marketing material, in packaging, in corporate kit including business cards, letter heads, post cards etc (Verhoef, & Leeflang 2009) and therefore a unique and attractive logo would gather the attention of the most whereas a boring and a dull logo would not be able to get the attention of people (Kumar, 2009). Today as industries have become highly competitive, every organisation needs to differentiate itself from the other firms and logo has an important role in differentiating a company with others (Pavitt, 2002). A logo is able to make the company stand out in the crowd and therefore an attractive logo could help in increasing the sales of the product particularly when consumers are buying without thinking too much (Blythe, 2008). This report analyses one of today’s leading brands of the fashion industry in the world, Christian Dior. The report examines what the logo of the comp any visually reflects and communicates to the target market. Also the report comes up after redesigning the logo of the company and recommends what the logo of the company should be. ... The company offers fashion clothing and other accessories and the main target market of the company are female particularly young females. As the company offers a lot to its target market, therefore the logo of the company should be such that it would be able to get the attention of people and reflect the target market about the offerings of the company. Logo of Christian Dior The logo of Christian Dior is just the name of the company written in Black and White. The logo of the company is has been shown in the following image: Also there is another variation in the logo of Christian Dior and the other variation is in inverted colours. The logo in inverted colours looks like the following image Visual understanding of logo It is important for the company to make sure that the logo of the company clearly reflects what the company offers to its client. A well prepared logo is able to get into the minds of the consumers and it is easily remembered by them. This is one of the reasons why many companies and entrepreneurs pay a lot of attention in designing the logo however companies that do not pay a lot of attention face consequences in the long run. The right combination of colours, image, style and overall look play an important role in the overall logo of the company and what it visually reflects to the audience (Zenker, & Martin, 2011). Therefore it is important to design the logo and to work on what the customers would perceive and understand from the logo of the company as the target market of the company would be able to recognise the brand from the logo. So, once the logo of the company is approved, the management needs to think over the logo and analyse from the perspective of a consumer what the

Introduction to the internet and E- Business Essay

Introduction to the internet and E- Business - Essay Example They prepared all the food by themselves without outsourcing. They always welcome the new ideas to promote their quality of services and menus. The company is currently operating in two areas i.e. Cheshire and Manchester. Currently offering catering services to other local restaurants as well as private events and has gained a very prestigious in the area. The company has great quality of foods and services, but unfortunately they are not as good in their e-business segment. The company has beautifully designed website which clearly explains their expertise and taste but don’t have online support system or order booking system. This makes it very difficult to process online orders and queries, as it will delay their response to the customers. The importance and scope of E-Business needed to be elaborated to the company. It looks they are unaware about the technology, if proper demonstration is conducted to explain the possibilities, and benefits associated with it. The company should be educated about different e-business models and their acceptance & success in Catering industry. It can be said that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), for conducting or supporting are used to improve the business activities and processes, including development and research, design and development, procurement, operation, marketing, manufacturing, and sales, human resources management, logistics, value chain integration and finance. The evolution of e-business became more popular with the introduction of Internet, especially, the www (World Wide Web) or web, revolution. The history of e-business is not longer than 15 years. However, its enhancements and developments, i.e. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Material Requirements Planning (ERP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), have the history of more than forty years. EDI is an electronic communication of commercial transactions, such as placements of orders, consignment

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Research Paper

Why it is so important to be physically fit today What are some of the Physical Fitness Benefits - Research Paper Example I said to myself it is time to get fit. I had to register for the physical fitness this summer which l believe is a great start on my journey towards achieving complete physical fitness. Definitions of physical fitness are constantly changing because of the amount of effort wanted to do normal day by day activities has dangerously turned down. I think people are not capable to maintain with the normal daily activities of three or four decades ago. Today lifestyles of man are more inactive so there one can see the need of accurate definitions related with physical fitness. Physical fitness of today can define as an enhanced physiological condition that leads to better quality health and long life. From my own experience with health professionals and doctors , I knew that the term physical fitness stands for a level of health exemplified by muscular strength, cardio vascular endurance, physical and mental flexibility, muscular endurance, and a lean and fit body composition. Mohamed Han i Ratib et al attribute: â€Å"Physical, mental and social benefits are gained from physical fitness† (.Ratib et al 51). In general a physically fit person goes with a satisfied and happy state of mind. Additionally this condition is the foundation of all energetic and creative intellectual activity. Through fitness evaluation I measured my own physical fitness and I came to realize that desirable physical fitness provide both mental and physical strength and well-being for my life. The term physical fitness is related with a person’s quality of life. Different factors such as health status, hereditary, deficiency power, food habit, family backgrounds and life style can play a significant role in the process of making physical fitness. Physical fitness takes in various physical abilities like effective body composition, coordination, cardiovascular strength, speed and flexibility. I agree with the findings made by previous studies and researches which emphasize the var ious benefits of physical fitness. Studies and researches have proved that physical fitness prevents various diseases like cardiovascular disease and digestion problems Physical fitness is essential for the formation of a sound psychological state. It is a part of common knowledge is that a healthy body is a home for a sound mind. Furthermore Physical fitness is responsible for the overall well-being and development of a person. Similarly, physical fitness is an essential factor in work field and it promotes success in both personal and professional life of a person. Physical fitness is one of the important properties that an individual can achieve. It is helpful for a person to work in the armed forces because fit body is free from aliment of any kind. I have some friends who been maintained physical fitness for many years and they informed me that the importance of physical fitness is that it is the need of both young and old. The easy contact to fitness centers further highlights the importance of physical fitness. Daily exercises have resulted in people towards longer and healthier lives. Today, I can give suggestions about various exercises to my own friends who failed to keep physical fitness. Patricia Bragg, Dr. Paul C. Bragg, Dr. Patricia Bragg and Paul C Bragg advise that â€Å"If you want a long, healthy life, keep your body orderly and fit† (Bragg & Bragg 79). My own experiences have convinced me that physical fitness gives more than improvement to the quality of life; it strengthens cardiovascular fitness and body survival. Habitual physical exercise helps to make better the strength of human heart. Besides physical fitness increases the blood circulation in human body naturally that helps to distribute oxygen and nutrients to all the

Employment Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employment Law Assignment - Essay Example The employees should receive this statement not later than two months from the date of commencement of employment. It should contain the names of the employer and employee, date of commencement of employment2; rate and periodicity of remuneration, terms and conditions of the working hours, entitlement to holidays, terminal benefits, length of notice that the employee has to either receive or give if termination of employment is desired, job title of the employee3, etc. There is no restriction on the method of payment to be made to employees. Moreover, these methods are to be negotiated between the employer and the employees. However, if the agreed upon method of payment is subsequently altered by the employer and if such a departure leads to financial loss for the employee, then the employee is entitled to prefer a claim in respect of breach of contract. Nevertheless, the statute makes available to employees, the right to protection from unauthorized deductions from their wages and such protection is applicable even to persons working on a contract basis or as apprentices. Moreover, such protection has been extended to Crown servants and persons working on board a ship registered in the UK. Moreover, employers are well within their rights to make statutory deductions like those relating to income tax or insurance. Further, it is permissible to make deductions in instances of overpayment of wages, judicial decisions and participation in strikes4. In respect of retail work, additional protection has been afforded by the statute. A retail worker is any person carrying out retail transactions selling, which have been defined as the supplying of goods or services5. However, this additional protection has not been provided to those who transact only with companies. Moreover, an employer cannot make deductions in excess of a tenth of the gross wages in respect of shortages or stock deficiencies6. The time limit for making such deductions has been set at twelve months, unless the deduction forms part of a series of such deductions in respect of shortages or deficiencies. Furthermore, such deductions have to be made subsequent to informing the employee the exact amount due from him. Such communication of information has to be in writing and has to be made on a pay day7. Any employee, irrespective of the length of service put up, who is of the opinion that an unlawful deduction from wages has been made by the employer or if the employee has been required to make an unlawful payment may approach the Employment tribunal in order to obtain redressal for such grievance. The time limit for lodging such complaints is in general three months from the due date of payment of the wages or within such period as permitted by the Employment tribunal8. This three months limitation period in respect of payments by the worker to the employer is determined from the date of receipt of payment by the employer. If a series of deductions or payments are involved, then under such circumstances this three months period is to be reckoned from the date of the last deduction or payment in the series. However, this time limit can be extended by a further three more months under specific circumstances as per the provisions of the statutory dismissal, disciplinary and grievance procedures introduced from the 1st of October 20049. Wages have been defined to construe, as per this act as denoting amounts payable to employees

Career Development Plan Part III Performance and Career Management Essay

Career Development Plan Part III Performance and Career Management week 4 - Essay Example The reason this is a great assessment to use is that it takes into consideration feedback from customers, the individual and their manager. This gives them a well rounded evaluation and carries more than a one sided approach. According to Focal 360 the purpose of the 360 feedback is to give employees confidential and anonymous feedback from the people around them. This allows the individual to understand at every level what they are doing right and what can be improved. This assessment could give employees a baseline of information to work from and they could then develop their own specific goals because of it. From this type of feedback we can develop individual goals that fit the employees needs. This would also encourage managers to work with each individual employee in a way that is without prejudice or judgment to the employee. We will also have to help manage dual career families. According to Human Resource Chapter 1 the employer should add some sort of childcare to the process. At the current time we do not have a budget for this but it could be something that we put in the plans for another time. We will also have to take into consideration that the timing of an advancement for an employee may not be right for their family, so we would want to offer them the advance at another time if they are a duo-career family (Human Resources, Chapter 10, p. 380). This would help us become a more "family friendly" organization. We can have available an audio program online that new hires can listen to who have not had the benefit of the training that we have planned for the group. The consultant has agreed to help us with this situation as an addition piece of the training if we would like it. Another element of training should be the opportunity to go to conferences and tradeshows. Although the company does not have the money to send them perhaps we could look at a reimbursement program for college

Treasury Bills Essay Example for Free

Treasury Bills Essay INTRODUCTION Executive Summary Investment is the process of putting excess funds of an individual, groups or companies in ventures that will have better returns.   For the investment to be viable, a stream of benefits must be anticipated in future years.   Investment can either be a short term or long term.   The best investment option for the company or individual is always based on availability of funds to be committed and for how long.   Short term investment always is made when an individual wants to recoup his funds quickly and normally periods of less than two years period.    The interest cost associated with it is always very small and can be ignored. Long term investment involves a long period to recoup the investment outlay. Most firms are at cross roads they are not sure where to invest the excess funds which can be either in the mutual fund or treasury bills.   The decision to put the money in either of the option will depend on the following; How long will the funds be available? What is cost of capital to be used? Liquidity of the firm What other long-term and short term projects planned? What is the attitude towards risk? What is the government policy on investment? In order for me to come up with proper decision where to invest, we are undertaking a project to overcome the factors mentioned above.   The objectives of the project will be:- To identify the better investment at times excess of funds in the short-run To identify the better investment at times of excess funds in the long-run To identify the risky investment among the two Which of the two affects the liquidity of the fund in the long-run? Statement of the problem Investment decisions are very important at times of excess funds or little funds.   The investment in mutual funds or treasury bills is always a problem to individuals and companies.   Companies or individuals without financial advisors may be faced with problem of choice. 1.3 Goals In making an investment of funds that are available, the investor needs to identify which investment is ideal; the treasury bills or money market mutual fund. 1.4 Objectives or tasks The objectives of the study will be based on the following:- Which of the two has less risk? What are the interest rates that are offered? What has been the performance of each in the past? What are the certainty recouping funds in full at times of inflation? Which attracts less tax? Who has issued the Treasury bill or mutual fund? From past records mutual funds are riskier as compared to Treasury bill.   This is because it is assured that governments will honour their entire obligation as compared institutions.   Governments can not become insolvent being issuers of treasury bills except one that past a resolution in parliament not honour their debts. Treasury bills always offer a lower rate as compared to mutual funds money market.   Treasury bills are either 90 day or 180 day periods which can be rolled over in case the investor does not need the funds immediately. The project will cost 2400 to its completion.   The funding will be provided by the Scholarship Provider. Editing The report will compile and analysed after the data has been collected.   The report will be written by James and taken for typesetting at Mary’s place.   After typesetting the report will be printed and copies given to James, Joseph, John, Mary, Asnata and Jane for checking and editing to produce a good copy.   After the editing each editing member contributions will forward to Mr. Johnson for inputting and typeset document, a final draft will be produced. All names are imaginary Action and Recommendation 1 Layout The project report will be forty four pages, typeset on font size of 12, double spaced, with one –page abstract.   It will contain introduction, problem statement, goals and the financial statement for project.   It will be produced and spiral bound. 3.2 Table Timetable Action Time Description Research Begin 14/7/07 End 28/7/07 Ø   Research method will be chosen Ø   Develop research capability Ø   Identify the investors to be used Ø   Identify methods used in the research Ø   Identify other sources to referenced Ø   Prepare research questionnaire for interviews Writing 29/7/07 To 31/7/07 Ø   Compile and analysis the research data Ø   Tabulate the information gathered Ø   Choose the format of report writing Ø   Choose writers for the report and give them directions Ø   Write and type write the data Editing 1/8/07 To 3/8/07 Ø   Choose editors of the report from among the participants Ø   Print a rough draft for editing Ø   Editing takes places Ø   Print the edited copy and ask them to redit it Printing 4/8/07 The report is printed out as per number of copies needed Binding 5/8/07 10/8/07 Ø   The report is taken for editing before distribution Ø   The report is distributed Budget for the Project Activity Description Cost Research Ø   Research method will be chosen Ø   Develop research capability Ø   Identify the investors to be used Ø   Identify methods used in the research Ø   Identify other sources to referenced Ø   Prepare research questionnaire for interviews 1200 Writing Ø   Compile and analysis the research data Ø   Tabulate the information gathered Ø   Choose the format of report writing Ø   Choose writers for the report and give them directions Ø   Write and type write the data 300 Editing Ø   Choose editors of the report from among the participants Ø   Print a rough draft for editing Ø   Editing takes places Ø   Print the edited copy and ask them to reedit it 200 Printing The report is printed out as per number of copies needed 500 Binding Ø   The report is taken for editing before distribution Ø   The report is distributed 100 TOTAL 2400 3.3 Outline The project will have six sections. Executive summary:   will summarize the whole report Introduction: This will contain statement of the problem Interactive review:   This will have a review of the existing research materials on the topic of research. Research: Methods used in the research and how data is collected Data analysis: This will contain the research data its analysis and tabulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     REFERENCES    Eugene Brigham, Michael Ehrhardt; Financial Management, Theory and Practice, Thomson South-Western, 2005 Robert Hudson, Alan Colley; The Capital Markets Financial Management in   Banking, Lessons Professional, 2000 Neil H†erman Jacoby, Raymond Joseph; Business Finance and Banking, Ayer Pub, 2000 Naciones Unidas Transnational Corporations Management Division, M Moffett, International Financial Management, Routledge 1993

Agriculture Management of Tea Industry

Agriculture Management of Tea Industry Introduction This chapter will give the reader with the clear background of research study, research question, research objectives, justification of research, organisation of study, research framework and brief overview of what will present later in the whole dissertation. 1.1. Background of research study: All organizations evaluate the performance of their employees to find out their relative worth for the job they are doing. Performance is being related to the productivity, it is crucial for the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. Effective performance for the organization means that output can be maintained with fewer numbers of employees. Performing effectively is also of crucial importance to the employee because organizations can no longer tolerate poor performance, they (employees) are more likely to be dismissed. The effective management performance, therefore, is not only vital for the long-term survival of the organizations but is also a moral obligation on the employees. Performance appraisal is considered as the systematic evaluation of individuals to their performance on the job and their potentials for development (Dale S. Beach, 1980: 290). Wendell French has defined performance appraisal as a systematic and periodic assessment of how employees are doing their jobs in relation to established norms and the communication of that kind of assessment to employees. It is a process of evaluation an employees job performance with respect to its requirements. A systematic performance appraisal provides information for making decisions about various issues such as promotions, pay increases, layoffs, training and development and transfers. It is managements powerful tool in controlling human resource and productivity. Managers can improve an employees job performance through clarifying expectations and evaluating performance. Employees also, in general, prefer having some kind of appraisal to develop an appropriate vision of their own effectiveness and opportunities (Wood, 1988). Formal performance appraisal can meet the three needs, one of the organization and the other two of the individuals within the organization: It provides systematic judgments to back up salary increase, transfer, demotion or termination. It is the means of communicating to subordinates the behavior, attitudes, skills or job knowledge and let him know where he stands. It is used as a base for coaching and counseling the individual by his superior 1.2. Selected organisation of study Beginning of tea plantation in Nepal dates back to the year 1863, when Mr. Gajraj Singh Thapa, the Badahakim (Chief Administrator) of Ilam, initiated tea plantation for the first time at Ilam. It is said that he was very much impressed by the taste of tea and fascinating beauty of tea gardens of Darjeeling. So he brought tea-technicians from Darjeeling and made local people join hands in tea plantation. His effort was later followed by planting tea in Ilam and Soktim in the year 1865 (both plantations are still under commercial production). It is believed that the tea seedlings were given by the Chinese government as gift to the then prime minister Jung Bahadur Rana. The first tea processing factory was established in the year 1872, in Ilam Tea Estate. But the further expansion of tea plantation lay virtually stagnant for about a century. No efforts were found to be made by the government or private sector in this direction. It was only in 1959 when Budhkaran Tea Estate was established at Rangiadanga (Maheshpur VDC, Jhapa), the first tea estate in private sector. Soon after this venture, a few other landlords also started tea plantation in Jhapa district, which gave birth to some tea estates such as Satighatta Tea Estate, Himalaya Tea Garden, Nakkalbanda Tea Estate, Mittal Tea Estate, Giribandhu Tea Estate. These tea estates are still among the leading private sector tea companies of Nepal. However, these plantations were done more with the motivation of saving the land from land ceiling being imposed under the Land Ceiling Act in 1963, because all the plantations during that period were started by big land holding families. This can be seen in some of the plantation fields of those days having the tea bushes at the distance of mor e than two feet. These ventures, however, opened the door for other entrepreneurs in tea sector. In the history of tea development in Nepal, the establishment of Nepal Tea Development Corporation (NTDC) is considered to be a landmark to augment the tea cultivation. NTDC was established in 1966, with the joint effort of the Government and Overseas Development Administration (ODA), Britain with the objective of making the country self-reliant in tea by producing more tea, thereby, substituting import of tea and earn foreign currency by exporting quality tea. Soon after its establishment, NTDC took over the first two tea plantations, namely, Ilam and Soktim tea estates. NTDC then extended tea plantation in Kanyam (Ilam) in the year 1971, with the aim of producing exportable quality tea. One year later, another tea garden was established in Tokia (Jhapa) in 1972. Keeping in view of the increasing internal demand of tea another tea estate was established in Barne (Shantinagar VDC, Jhapa). Later, two more tea estates, namely, Barradashi (Jhapa) and Chilingkot (Ilam) were established; making altogether seven tea estates under the ownership and management of NTDC. Despite its significant contribution for the development of tea cultivation, the only government owned corporation faced acute financial and managerial problems in the latter years, and eventually NTDC was leased out to the private sector in the year 2000. The management of NTDC was handed over for 50 years to Triveni Group, with the condition of keeping all workers in as it was form and terminating all staff under voluntary retirement scheme with extra two months salary as a golden handshake. Besides these plantations by government and private sectors, small growers started tea cultivation in the nearby VDCs of Kanyam, when NTDC established Kanyam Tea Estate. Some 40 small farmers started tea cultivation in some VDCs of Ilam district, such as, SriAntu, Kolbung, Kanyam, Fikkal, Pashupatinagar, Panchakanya, Laxmipur, and Godak. With the encouragement and technical support provided by NTDC, tea cultivation at small farmers level, expanded gradually in different parts of other districts, namely, Panchthar, Terhathum, Dhankuta, and Jhapa. In view of good prospect of tea cultivation in the Eastern Region, the Government declared these five districts as Tea Zone in the year 1982 and accordingly adopted a favorable policy to encourage tea farmers in private sector. The facilities incorporated in the policy included: providing easy loan to tea cultivators from Agriculture Development Bank with 50 percent subsidy in the interest on loan for the first 5 years in Terai and 7 years in hills, exemption from land-ceiling for tea cultivation and 90 percent rebate on land-tax. With the objective of extending technical services, seedlings and transport facilities, small farmers offices were established under NTDC in Fikkal, Manglabare and Jasbire of Ilam; Chilingden of Panchathar; Solma of Terhathum; and Hile of Dhankuta districts. All these efforts contributed quite positively to the expansion of tea cultivation, which consequently gave birth to the concept of Bought Leaf Factory. The first processing unit of this kind was established in the year 1989, at Fikkal of Ilam district. The enactment of Industrial Enterprise Act by the Government encouraged and facilitated more to the extension of tea cultivation. Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992 (amended in 1998) has an objective of encouraging the promotion of manufacturing industries in the country by making the environment of industrial investment more congenial and straight forward. The Act has categorized tea cultivation and processing industry as an agro-based industry which fall under national priority industries like horticulture and fruit processing, vegetable and seed farming, sericulture and silk production, animal husbandry etc. The Act has proposed some concessions to the agro-industries with an income tax exemption for a period of five years from the date of commercial production. If the tea industry wants to invest in the pollution controlling mechanism or equipment, then a reduction of up to 50 percent is granted in the taxable income. Such remission may be deducted on a lump sum or an installment with a period of three years. The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) gave a high priority to agro-based industries such as tea plantation and processing. The plan recognized agro-based industries as the basis of industrialization in the country. This plan emphasized on the plantation of high-valued Orthodox tea for export. Similarly it placed importance on the promotion of CTC tea for domestic consumption. During the plan period, total tea area was projected to be 4564 hectare and total tea production was projected to be 4101 mt. from 3156 ha. Agriculture Development Bank actively disbursed credit to the tea sector during 1996-1997. As a result, the number of CTC planters under tea estates and out growers category increased rapidly. The reasons for increase in plantations, as responded by the tea planters, were: Good rate of returns as compared to traditional farming. Availability of bank credit attracted tea plantation. High demand for tea in both domestic and foreign market (esp Orthodox tea). Peer pressures also motivated out growers to start tea plantation. The other reason was that other food crops could not be grown in the land adjoining tea plantation. By the use of insecticides and pesticides in the tea plantation, insects are flushed out and take refuge in the nearby land which devours the crops. 1.2.1. Types of Tea: Generally two types of tea are produced in Nepal. One variety that is grown in the hilly region is called Orthodox tea. Orthodox tea has a huge demand in overseas countries and its export is increasing over the years. The major markets of Nepalese Orthodox tea are Western Europe and North America. Similarly, tea grown in Terai (plain area) especially in Jhapa district is called CTC (Crush, tear and Curl) tea, which accounts for more than 95% of the total domestic tea consumption. 1.2.1.1. Orthodox Tea: Black tea, in the form of traditional leaf tea produced from hill grown tea, particularly Chinese type of tea is known as Orthodox tea. The Orthodox tea, particularly popular for its aroma, is considered as premium tea all over the world (Singh, 2001). This tea is produced from the leaves of tea bushes in the eastern hilly region. Despite its long plantation history, the production and productivity of Orthodox tea have been low due to lack of conducive govt. policy, high cost of production (and therefore expensive) lack of technical know-how, and CTC oriented domestic market. However, the increasing demand of hill-orthodox tea in the overseas market provides good prospect of tea cultivation in the hilly region of Nepal. 1.2.1.2. CTC Tea: CTC tea, commonly used by majority of tea consumers of the world (produced in Jhapa district) is popular for its color. The manufacturing process of CTC tea consists of withering of leaves, rolling, fermenting, and drying through mechanical devices. Furthermore, sorting is done with the help of machine in different grades such as brokens, fannings, and dust. 1.2.2. Present Status of Tea Industry: Tea Industry includes all Tea Estates, processing plants, small growers, Packeters and marketers that are directly involved in production and marketing of tea. National Tea Policy-2000 defines Tea Industry as the tea cultivation with the registration of industry in the land availed under the concession of land ceiling facilities and having ones own processing plant. Although tea industry has a long history of more than a century, in real sense it is only after the establishment of Nepal Tea Development Corporation. Ltd. in 1966, that tea cultivation flourished in Nepal. At present, there are 128 tea estates and 45 tea processing factories as registered in NTCDB. Out of these 24 tea estates have their own processing factories whereas 21 tea processing factories do not have their own tea gardens. In addition to these, there are 20 tea packaging industries and export import agencies related to tea marketing. Tea industry in Nepal has developed under three different ownership status and management, namely, Public Estates, Private Estates and Small Holders. The only government owned and managed, NTDC was privatized in the year 2000. All these three types of tea producers have contributed significantly for the expansion of tea cultivation. The efforts made by Government and private sector entrepreneurs including small farmers have been the driving force for the extension of tea in the hills and Terai. Some of the important steps taken by the Government over the last 25 years include establishment of NTDC, implementation of outgrows scheme, declaration of tea zone, and policy package including facilities like providing loan and subsidy on bank rate, exemption from land ceiling and land tax etc., establishment of NTCDB, and issuing of National Tea Policy-2000. The organization structure in all the tea estates under study was not presented clearly in the charts. However, the procedures and processes being practiced in carrying out the everyday tasks in tea industry are more or less similar in most of the cases. On the basis of the management system being adopted in the tea gardens consisting of different levels and statutory requirements, a common type of organization structure could be designed. The common structural pattern of tea estates is presented in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.1 Structural Pattern of a Tea Garden Owners / Board of Directors Managing Director Labor Welfare Officer Asst. Manager (Factory) Office Finance Officer Asst. Manager (Field) Factory Babu Main Mechanic Garden Babu Garden Clerk Head Clerks Accountant Computer Operator Asst. Health Worker Staff Nurse Sisters Electrician Mechanic Fitter Babu Main Sardar Sardar Dafadar Chaprasi Bajliwala Kalwalla Sardars Bahidar Main Sardar Munshi Weathering Rolling Storing Workers Workers Tea Maker Tea Worker Tea Maker Workers Manager Medical Officer Asst. L.W.O. Asst. Clerk Asst. Accountant Peon In practice the estates in Nepal were having typically a very simple line organization structure to administer the day to day routine operations. Fig. 1.2 exhibits a typical form of common organization structure found in all tea estates, though it was not formally exhibited in charts. Each tea estate consisted of a manager with whole responsibility to look after the garden and the factory both as routine work. His roles were more of a technician with the knowledge of tea gardening and processing than a manager. Under the manger were appointed an assistant manager or an officer known as factory in-charge whose main roles and duties were related with running the tea processing factory with the help of technical assistants. And in the garden there were a few assistants called Sardars to supervise the field work whereas in the office were an accountant/clerks. Attendance-keepers called Hazira-Babus and a peon. On the basis of field visits and observation in different tea estates the exis ting common organization structure could be drawn as under. Fig. 1.2 Organization Structure of Tea Estates Owners / Board of Directors Managing Director Mechanics, Fitters Sardars Asst. Fitters Peon Guards Field Workers Workers Manager Office Accountant Factory Incharge Field Incharge Senior Sardars Clerks Computer Operators Attendance Keeper Sardars Bahidars 1.3. Research question Is the performance appraisal practice key to pay rise, training and development, promotion or termination of the employee in the tea industry of Nepal? 1.4. Research objectives The specific objectives of this study were: To examine how employee performance is appraised in an organization. To evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system in the organization. To analyze the relationship between performance appraisal and the factors like pay rise, training and development, promotion or termination of employee in an organization. 1.5. Justification of research Tea industry which occupies an important position in the national economy is growing extensively mainly in the eastern region of Nepal. It is, being one of the most labor intensive, agro-based industries; it involves a great deal of workforce, which provides direct employment to about 41000 workforces. After the privatization of Nepal Tea Development Corporation in 2000, the change in ownership is also accompanied by deep changes in organizational procedures and culture that could have a profound effect on enterprise behavior and performance (Manandhar, 2002: 37). There have been only a few research studies in the field of human resource management in private enterprises of Nepal. And there has not yet been any specific research conducted in performance appraisal in tea industry of Nepal. So, in view of the poor research-based on performance appraisal and the lack of knowledge existing in this field, the research work is virtually called for the streamlining of performance appraisal practices. Research can lead to an increased understanding of and improvement in performance appraisal practices. It can provide insights for managers as they attempt to increase employee productivity and satisfaction while reducing absences and turnover. Research can also identify potential problem areas related to performance appraisal Lack of specific research in this field has encouraged the researcher to take up the task of conducting a comprehensive research with the purpose of examining and analyzing the actual performance appraisal practices in tea industry of Nepal. This study will reveal a clear picture about the existing state of performance appraisal practices in tea industry. The outcome of the study may serve as a research infrastructure on which further researches can be built. And the information and conclusions derived from this study may be useful and helpful for practicing managers, as well as planners, policy makers and other agencies concerned, through better understanding of performance appraisal practices relating to tea industry. Thus, it is a modest attempt towards examining and understanding performance appraisal practices in tea industry of Nepal. 1.6. Structure of dissertation Chapter 1: Introduction: In the first chapter of dissertation covers with background information followed by the selected organisation of study, research question, research objectives, justification of study, structure of dissertation and end with research framework. Chapter 2: Literature review: The second chapter reviews relevant literature of performance appraisal consisting of academic and institutional researches, seminar and survey reports, and articles. Also it includes purpose of performance appraisal and methods of PA. The literature showed that there is positive and strong relationship between performance appraisal and pay rise, promotion or termination, and training and development of employee. Chapter 3: Methodology: This chapter deals with the general theories of research like phenomenology and positivism and shows the relevance of phenomenology for this research study. Apart from this, it includes the types of research like inductive and deductive research where the researcher applies the inductive research approach. Finally the data collection tools, techniques, analysis and interpretation methods are dealt briefly in this chapter. Chapter 4.Finding/result: This chapter presents all collected data from primary and secondary sources in tabular form for analysis in order to achieve the goal of the dissertation. Chapter 5: Analysis and discuss of finding: This chapter deals with the results of the data analysis and discussion on the findings. Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendation: This chapter deals with summarizes major findings of the study and forwards some suggestions 1.7. Research framework Figure 1.3. Research framework: PROBLEMS LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECTIVES FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS PROBLEMS CONCLUSIONS PROBLEMS RECOMMENDATIONS PROBLEMS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Primary Data Questionnaires Interviews Secondary Data PAS Model of Tea Industry Analysis of Organisations Operating Systems and Performance CHAPTER: TWO Literature Review 2.1. Performance Appraisal The essence of the concept of the HRM is that people working in the organization are viewed as a valuable resource. If these people are managed properly, they can boost productivity through commitment and capability. HRM lays emphasis on the importance of integrating personnel functions (recruitment, selection, appraisal, reward, development, industrial relations, grievance and discipline, retirement, redundancy, dismissal) into the overall strategic management of the organization obligation on the employees. The effective management of performance is not only vital for the survival of the organization but is also in the best interest of the employees. The underlying assumption of performance management is that the individual employees can satisfy their needs and objectives by contributing to the attainment of the organizations objectives. This may result in employees motivation and greater job-satisfaction which is at the core of HRM (Foot and Hook 2008).The performance appraisal process generally consists of the following six steps as depicted in Figure 1 (Decenzo and Robbins, 1998). Table 2.1. The Performance Appraisal Process Establishment of performance standards Communicate the performance expectations to employees Measure actual amount of performance Compare the actual performance with standards Discuss appraisal with the employee If necessary, take corrective action Performance appraisal begins with the establishment of clear and objective standards of performance evolved out of job analysis and job description. These standards need to be communicated to the employees. Subordinates have to receive and understand the information properly. The third step is the measurement of the actual performance. For this, four measures can be utilized by managers, namely, personal observation, satisfied reports, oval reports and written reports. The fourth step is the comparing of the actual performance with standards. If any deviations are found between standards and actual performance, the manager may proceed to the fifth step to discuss the appraisal with the employees. Final step of appraisal is taking corrective action when it requires The objectives of performance appraisal can be classified by different ways but according to (Harrison, 1995) to the objectives of performance appraisals are i. administrative: which determine orderly way of promotion, transfers and increase of payment. ii. Informative: supplying the relevant data to management team according to performance of subordinates and weakness and strengths of individual. iii. Motivational: create good environment to employee which motivate staff to develop themselves and to improve their performance According to (Randell, et al. 1972) the main purpose of staff appraisal is to evaluate, auditing, constructing succession plans, motivating staff, developing individuals and checking. Similarly according to (Lefton, 1997 ) performance appraisal can be defined by mainly four characteristics a. its formal b. it tries to find out why and how a subordinates is doing the job c. it tries to explore how subordinate can do better way in a job d.it always tries to produce benefits for subordinate, the organization and the superior. Performance evaluation systems in Nepalese organizations are mandatory. The results of performance appraisal are not used in terms of career development, reward management and employee training and development. The results are mostly used to decide whether to promote employees or not (Adhikari, 2006).The main purpose of performance evaluation in government and public enterprises is the promotion of employees. It is not used for performance feedback to employees, reward management and identifying the needs of training and development. In civil service, 40 percent of performance appraisal is confidential and thus non transparent to employee (Agrawal, 2001). Three different approaches exist for doing appraisals. Employees can be appraised against (i) absolute standards, (ii) relative standards, or (iii) objectives (MBO). However, no one approach is always best. Absolute standards are individual oriented whereas relative standards rank individuals. Management by objectives facilitates continuous improvement of performance results. Most of the private sector enterprises in Nepal lack systematic performance appraisal system. Personal judgment and subjective assessment of owner-manager serves as the key criteria for performance appraisal (Agrawal, 1982). Formal and systematic performance appraisal system was non-existent in tea industry of Nepal. Promotion is the vertical movement of an individual in an organizations hierarchy, enhanced status, accompanied by increased responsibilities, and usually with increased income, though it is not always so (Monappa and Engineer, 1999). It is the advancement of an employee to a higher job-rank in the organizational hierarchy accompanied by a pay rise (Pigors and Myers, 1981: 303). Employees consider their ultimate success of their career and performance in terms of the number and frequency of promotion they get during their service. Yoder et al observed that promotion gives incentive to initiative, ambition and enterprise, unrest and minimizes discontent, attracts capable personalities, appropriate logical training of advancement, and forms and effective reward for cooperation and loyalty, long term service, etc. (Yoder,1979). It increases satisfaction in the employees that their talents and capabilities are being recognized. In turn, they trust the organization and devote for the acco mplishment of organizational goals and objectives. In Nepal, the Civil Service Act was promulgated in 1956 which stated that promotion should be given to civil service personnel on the basis of work efficiency (Civil Service rule, 1993). Many changes have been done in the promotion system of the employee in the government organization since that time. The Administrative Reform Commission formed under the chairmanship of Mr. Vedananda Jha suggested that the promotion criteria for civil service personnel should include (a) seniority, (b) experience, (c) academic qualification and training, and (d) departmental performance report including co-operative attitude. Another Administration Reform Commission formed under the chairmanship of Mr. B.B. Thapa noted as promotion occupied special importance in the career development of employees, so capability to hold higher promotion and the capacity to perform the work satisfactory in the present position were the main criteria of promotion (Government of Nepal, 1996, Report of Commission). Amend ments were done in the Civil Service Rules in 1978 and 1983. Similarly the Administrative Reform Committee formed under the chairmanship of the then prime-minister Mr. G.P. Koirala in 1991 emphasized performance oriented promotion system. The new Civil Service Act, 1993 laid stress on performance ability with criteria such as past performance, seniority, work experience of remote area, and academic qualification. Similarly, the comparative weight-ages of promotion criteria of civil service employees were changed after 1992. NASCs study on promotion system of civil services stated that there was lack of clarity in its purpose and no consistency in the average promotion period between level and services. The risk of subjectivity in merit rating was a major apprehension in the minds of civil servants for giving more weight to merit rating. Even the performance evaluators views were in favor of no link of the promotion with the performance. Basic perquisites for sound performance appraisal practices, such as clear organizational and sectional objectives, individual job descriptions, adequate and reliable information system etc. were not properly provided in the civil service. Majorities were in favor of number allotting 50 percent of seats to the promotion by competitive examination as compared to the exiting 25 percent, in some cases even less. Williams (1972) ascertained that managers lacked adequate means or determination to control the motivation and productivity of their workforce. Job description, performance appraisal and output indicators were non-existent; rewards and sanctions were irrationally applied; salaries were not genuinely related to knowledge and or effort requirements; offices had inadequate facilities; poor co-operation and limited delegation. The top of the decision making level was congested by trivialities while middle-level staff were in a soporific frenzy over the responsibilities for complex planning and fiscal matter. The review presented above fairly indicates that the limited attempts have been made to study personnel / HR management practices in public and private enterprises of Nepal. Those studies have shed light on some aspects of personnel / HR management, however, the concluding remark indicates that personnel /HR management in the past remained neglected areas of management. This review a lso indicates that no systematic attempts have been made to study HRM practices in tea industry of Nepal. This knowledge gap has called for a systematic study which could bridge up such a gap. The present study is an attempt in that direction. 2.2. Purpose of performance appraisal It can be appeared at first glance that performance appraisals are applied for a kind id narrow purpose to assess who is doing a better job (or not). Even so genuinely performance appraisals are one of the most various tools available to managers. They may operate many purposes that profit both the employee whose performance is being appraised and the organisation. Table 2.2.Purpose of performance appraisal ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENT Decide on lay offs Describe individuals weaknesses and strengths Determine retention and termination Describe individual training needs Document personal decisions Provide performance feedback Find out promotion conditions Acknowledge individual performance Determine transfers and assignments Measure goal achievement Describe poor performance Assist in goal identification Evaluate training progress/program Determine the organizational training needs Personal planning Reinforce authority design

What Is Knowledge According To Plato Philosophy Essay

What Is Knowledge According To Plato Philosophy Essay Plato had a strong belief that what we know in this life is recollected knowledge that was obtained in a former life, and that our soul has all the knowledge in this world, and we learn new things by recollecting what the soul already knew in the first place. Plato offers three observations of knowledge and he puts Socrates to reject all three of them. Platos first observation is that true belief is knowledge. Socrates rejects this by stating that when a jury believes the accused to be guilty by just hearing the prosecuting attorneys argument, rather than of any concrete evidence, it cannot be known if a defendant is guilty even if he is guilty. The jurys true belief is therefore not knowledge. The second observation is that knowledge and perception are the same. Socrates rejects this by saying that we can perceive without knowing and we can know without perceiving. For example, we can see and hear a sound without us knowing what or where it is coming from. If we can perceive without knowing, then knowledge cannot be the same as perception. Platos third observation is that true belief along with a logical account is knowledge, but true belief without a logical account is different from knowledge. The only problem with this observation is the word account. All the definitions of the word account are not valid for this argument. These observations are a great example of attacking the insufficient theories of knowledge, but Plato never gives a complete answer on what is the definition of knowledge. Plato preferred truth as the highest value, stating that it could be found through reason and logic in discussion. He called this dialectic. Plato preferred rationality rather than emotional appeal, for the purpose of persuasion, discovery of truth, and as the determinant of action. To Plato, truth was the higher good, and every person should find the truth to guide his or her life. Platos doctrine of recollection says that rather than learning in the common sense, what is actually happening when people are thinking about a problem, and find a solution to that problem, is that they are recollecting things that they already knew. The reason that Plato came up with this theory was because of the learners paradox. The learners paradox is that how can someone learn something if they dont even know what it is. As Meno points out if we dont know what something is then how will we know when we have it? When, for example, we say that we dont know what 946308 divided by 22 is, how can it be that we can find the answer to be 43014? If we dont already know that 946308 / 22 = 43014 then when someone tells us this we should not be able to know that answer is right. Aristotle also believes that knowledge is a form of recollection. He believes that there are universal causes and particular causes, however, unlike Plato; he believes that particulars carry an essence of the form. The four causes, or what makes an object what it is, are its efficient, material, formal, and final causes. The efficient cause is the primary source of the change. The material cause is the material of which it consists. The formal cause is its form. The final cause is its aim or purpose. Using the example of a skyscraper, the efficient cause is the act of building the skyscraper, the material cause is the material used to build it, the formal cause is the blueprint, and the final cause is using the skyscraper as a skyscraper. Everything has these four causes, but substantially changing any of them will cause the skyscraper to lose its skyscraperness. If you know all of a particulars causes, you know its essence. Everything has to have a cause. To truly understand something, we must know its explanation and that it cannot be otherwise. Demonstration must be from things that are true because deducing something from a falsehood would not give understanding of it. Things that are less general and closer to perception are prior relative to us. Things that are more general and further from perception are prior by nature. Demonstrations must be from things that are prior by nature. The premises of demonstrations must give the reason why the conclusion is true. Aristotle defines syllogism as a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so. One syllogism that he used was: Socrates is a man, All men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal. Plato and Aristotles understanding of knowledge are complimentary in that they both believe knowledge is obtained by recollection. Also, they both value truth as the best way to obtain knowledge. What makes it contradictory is that Aristotle goes deeper into the subject of knowledge by stating that particulars have to carry an essence of the form and gives four causes that aid in finding the essence. Therefore, their understanding of knowledge is both complimentary and contradictory. I think we have abandoned the dialectical and demonstrative methods to a certain extent, but not completely. Most classes teach in the way that sophists teach, by just giving us the facts. An example could be my college algebra class, that teaches me how to do a problem but it doesnt tell me why it is like that. But then we have other classes, for example Mr. Hindmans classes, that do use those 2 methods. I think we need to incorporate these valuable methods more into our public school systems and it might help in raising grades up.

Acatalasia :: essays research papers

Acatalasia Several rare electrophoretic variants of red cell catalase were identified by Baur (1963). Nance et al. (1968) also described electrophoretic variants. Data on gene frequencies of allelic variants were tabulated by Roychoudhury and Nei (1988). Wieacker et al. (1980) assigned a gene for catalase to 11p by study of man-mouse cell hybrid clones. In the hybrid cells, detection of human catalase was precluded by the complexity of the electrophoretic patterns resulting from interference by a catalase-modifying enzyme activity. Therefore, a specific antihuman antibody was used in conjunction with electrophoresis. In mouse, catalase is not syntenic to the beta-globin cluster or to LDH-A. Junien et al. (1980) investigated catalase gene dosage effects in a case of 11p13 deletion, a case of trisomy of all of 11p except 11p13, and a case of trisomy 11p13. The results were consistent with assignment of the catalase locus to 11p13 and its linkage with the WAGR complex (194070). Assay of catalase activity should be useful in identifying those cases of presumed new mutation aniridia that have a risk of Wilms tumor or gonadoblastoma, even in the absence of visible chromosomal deletion. In karyotypically normal patients with aniridia, Wilms tumor, or the combination of the two, Ferrell and Riccardi (1981) found normal catalase levels. Niikawa et al. (1982) confirmed the close linkage of catalase to the gene of the WAGR complex by demonstrating low levels of catalase activity in the erythrocytes of 2 unrelated patients with the WAGR syndrome and small deletions in 11p. From the study of dosage in 2 unrelated patients with an interstitial deletion involving 11p13, Narahara et al. (1984) concluded that both the catalase locus and the WAGR locus are situated in the chromosome segment 11p1306-p1305, with catalase distal to WAGR. Boyd et al. (1986) described a catalase RFLP with 2 different enzymes and used these polymorphisms to exclude deletion of the catalase gene in patients with sporadic aniridia, including one who was known to have a deletion and another suspected of having a deletion. Mannens et al. (1987) found deletion of the catalase locus in 6 of 9 patients with aniridia (AN2; 106210). One of these catalase-defic ient aniridia patients had a normal karyotype. No catalase deletion could be demonstrated in 7 Wilms tumors. By classic linkage studies using RFLPs of the several genes as markers, Kittur et al. (1985) derived the following sequence of loci: cen-CAT--16 cM-CALC--8 cM-PTH-pter, with the interval between CAT and PTH estimated at 26 cM.

Brave New World: Hitler and the Iron Curtain :: Brave New World

Brave New World: Hitler and the Iron Curtain In his foreword to the novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley envisioned what the world would be like if we were all "under the iron curtain" when he wrote: "To make them love it is the task assigned, in present- day totalitarian states, to ministries of propaganda†¦." (Huxley page #) Thus, through hypnopaedic teaching (brainwashing), mandatory attendance to community gatherings, and allusions to prominent political dictators, Huxley bitterly satirized totalitarian propaganda and political technique to point out the problems of a dystopian society. The way the fascist and totalitarian regimes used mass propaganda techniques to brainwash their people was nearly identical to the way Huxley described the hypnopaedic teachings in his novel. He also thought, however, that the present-day totalitarian states' methods were still "crude and unscientific" (page #). For example, in Brave New World the different classes were brainwashed since birth to believe that they all contributed equa lly to society. Therefore, the people wouldn't go against the World Controllers because they had never been trained or allowed to think differently. In addition, they didn't have any knowledge of a society that they could compare theirs to. This was evident in the saying "History is bunk" (page #). Similarly, the totalitarian dictators attempted to control but failed because they weren't able to persuade the entire world to think like them. In addition, Communism attempted to rewrite history, but the society in Brave New World took the next step and forgot about history altogether. The only people who had access to any knowledge of the past were the ones who had the power: the World Controllers. Thus, they were able to create a stable society. Since the hypnopaedic ideas in the society were continuously repeated throughout one's lifetime, mandatory attendance to community gatherings, such as the Solidarity Service, were strictly enforced. The main purpose of the Solidarity Service was to promote social stability. The people were driven to this idea by singing songs like the First Solidarity Hymn, which began, "Ford, we are twelve oh, make us one" (page #). During this time, people were also consuming soma rations, which drugged them and caused them to get swept up in the service. Consequently, at the end an orgy took place, which brought them together as one being. In comparison, the political rallies Hitler and other fascists held served a similar purpose.

Aeneid and Odyssey - A Comparison between Aeneas, Achilles and Odysseus

Aeneid and Odyssey - A Comparison between Aeneas, Achilles and Odysseus      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A comparison between Virgil's hero, Aeneas, and the Homeric heroes, Achilles and Odysseus, brings up the question concerning the relevance of the difference between the Homeric heroes and Aeneas. The differences in the poets' concerns are explained by the fact that Virgil lived many years after Homer, giving Virgil the advantage of a more developed literary and philosophical society than Homer had at his disposal. But the question remains: how are the differences between the Homeric heroes and Aeneas relevant to the epic at large? This question will be answered by first pointing out the differences between Greek and Roman society, then explaining how those differences relate to the heroes of the three epics at hand, and finally explaining how these differences allow Virgil to portray the Roman values and way of life as more structured and oriented towards a greater-good.    The differences in Greek and Roman societies arise primarily because of the different time periods in which they existed. But the geologic characteristics of Greece also played a role in the particularities of Greek society. The Greek peninsula is a mountainous region with neighboring islands that are known for their individualistic nature; in Homer's Odyssey islands are often occupied either by very few people or by people that are socially inept such as cannibals or the Cyclops. The Greek society, which was composed of various individual and independent city-states, followed from its geological surroundings since communication was such a difficult task. The few cultural aspects of life, such as language and religion, were the only things that gave... ... between Aeneas and the Homeric heroes, given an account of the historical and mythological background of Rome and demonstrated that the Roman way of life is necessarily more structured and community oriented than the Homeric Greek way of life.   Virgil wrote The Aeneid as an ode to the greatness of Rome, we could imagine that as he wrote it he was in constant competition with Homer because The Aeneid was a proclamation of greatness for the Romans as the Homeric epics were for the Greeks. But Virgil took advantage of the flaws that the Homeric Heroes had and gave the corresponding virtues to Aeneas thus ensuring Aeneas' superiority and consequently Rome's superiority.    Works Cited and Consulted: Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: 1996 Virgil.   The Aeneid.   Translated by Robert Fitzgerald.   New York: Vintage Books, 1990.   

Fundemental Rights of India Essay

The Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will live their lifes in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. They include individual rigts common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freddom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil right. Originally, the right to property was also included in the Fundamental Rights, however, the Forty-Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the status of property rights by stating that â€Å"No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.† Following are the Fudamental Rights in India Right to Equality | * Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of law * Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. * Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment * Article 17 :- End of untouchability * Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted| Right to Freedom | * Article 19 :- It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamentals freedoms:- 1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of Assembly 3. Freedom of form Associations 4. Freedom of Movement 5. Freedom of Residence and Settlement 6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and Bussiness * Article 20 :- Protection in respect of conviction for offences * Article 21 :- Protection of life and personal liberty * Article 22 :- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases | Right Against Exploitation | * Article 23 :- Traffic in human beings prohibited * Article 24 :- No child below the age of 14 can be employed | Right to freedom of Religion | * Article 25 :- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion * Article 26 :- Freedom to manage religious affairs * Article 27 :- Prohibits taxes on religious grounds * Article 28 :- Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions | Cultural and Educational Rights | * Article 29 :- Protection of interests of minorities * Article 30 :- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions * Article 31 :- Omitted by the  44th Amendment Act | Right to Constitutional Remedies | * Article 32 :- The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and heart of the Constitution by BR Ambedkar) * Forms of Writ check * Habeas Corpus :- Equality before law and equal protection of law | Fundamental Right 1. Part-III, containing articles from 12 to 35 deal with Fundamental Rights. 2. The Fundamental Rights can be enforceable by a court against the State. 3. These are primarily aim at assuring political freedom to the citizens by protecting them against the excessive State action. 4. The Fundamental Rights are given a pride of place by the Constitution makers. 5. The chapter of Fundamental Rights is sacrosanct and not liable to be abridged by legislative or executive act or orders, except to the extent provided in appropriate Article in Part III. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"where as the fundamental rights lay down the means by which that goal was to be achieved.† 7. Fundamental rights occupy a unique place in the lives of civilized society and have been variously described in judgment of the Supreme Court as â€Å"transcendental†, â€Å"inalienable† and â€Å"personal†. 8. There are negative in character. The State is asked not to do certain things for the people. Directive Principles of State Policy 1. Part –IV, containing Articles from 36 to 50, deal with Directive Principle of State Policy. 2. The Directive Principles of State Policy can not be enforceable by any Court. 3. These are aimed at securing welfare, social and economic freedoms by appropriate State action. 4. The Directive Principles are given a place of permanence by the Constitution makers. 5. The Directive Principles of State policies have to confirm and to run as subsidiary to the Chapter of Fundamental Rights. 6. Grover Justice Supreme Court said: â€Å"Directive Principles prescribe the goal to be attained.† 7. The Supreme Court described the Directive Principles of State policy as â€Å"Conscience of our Constitution†. 8. These are positive in character. The State is directed to take certain positive steps for the welfare and advancement of the people. Directive Principles Of State Policy The Constitution lays down certain Directive Principles of State Policy which  though not justiceable, are ‘fundamental in governance of the country’ and it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. These lay down that the State shall strive to promote welfare of people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice – social, economic and political, shall inform all institutions of national life. The State shall direct its policy in such a manner as to secure the right of all men and women to an adequate means of livelihood, equal pay for equal work and within limits of its economic capacity and development, to make effective provision for securing the right to work, education and to public assistance in the event of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement or other cases of undeserved want. The State shall also endeavour to secure to workers a living wage, humane conditions of work, a decent standard of life and full involvement of workers in management of industries. In the economic sphere, the State is to direct its policy in such a manner as to secure distribution of ownership and control of material resources of community to subserve the common good and to ensure that operation of economic system does not result in concentration of wealth and means of production of common detriment. (1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and women. (3) Provision of employment to all. (4) Free and compulsory education for children. (5) Living wage for workers. (6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. (7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40). (8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs injurious to health. (9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and honourable relations between the nations of the world. THE DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE Policy in the Constitution of India have been inspired by the Constitution of Ireland. It contains ideals of a Welfare State. The Directive Principles are  contained in Part-IV of the Constitution. RIGHT TO WORK IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 41 in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) in the Constitution of India reads, â€Å"The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of undeserved want.† The custodian of Fundamental Rights is the Supreme Court of India. The differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are: Fundamental Rights * Fundamental Rights are justiciable * Indian Constitution mentions some of the most important rights of the citizens called fundamental rights. * These rights are necessary if citizens are to act properly and live democratically. * These rights are fundamental in legal sense. If Government passes any law which restricts them, then those laws would be invalid. * The Constitution guarantees us six fundamental rights. * Fundamental rights concern the individual. Directive Principals * Directive Principles of State policy are not justiciable. The provision of Directive Principles thus can not be enforced in court of law. * These are actually directions given by the Constitution of the State to adopt policies which would help to establish a just society in our country. * The aim of these instructions is to create proper economic and social conditions in which citizens of our country can lead a good life. * Directive principles concern State.

Effective Parenting Styles

Effective P arnting Styles COM/150 twinge The passion of peoples reactions to wondering(a) p benting styles argon salutary below the nukes of religion and politics in explosive potential. here we cover what the prefatory styles ar and what styles a great deal or less resurrects escape to authorize. We will look at constructive and deconstructive heightening styles as well as see which option tends to be the best. Where do you f alone? Is that style the best your family or are you still seeking counselling? Effective Parenting StylesAlthough parenting is a never-ending debate, or so(prenominal) parenting styles deport been studied to find what elements are constructive and which are destructive. There are roughly four major(ip) parenting styles place when researching effective parenting. Each parenting style enkindle differ and change as boorren suffer older, or change based on each individual claw. These groups defined below catch a major activated impact and development impact on a child. Permissive Parenting Permissive parenting buns come off to be to a greater extent(prenominal) of a friend rather than a parent these parents dont practically discipline their children.Parents who choose to parent their children this mood rarely ca-ca control over their children and may be lacking self-will themselves. Although these parents are still very winning and nurturing to their children, this parenting style may be a bit too laid tail end to raise an tame child with self-discipline. gamy-and-mighty Parenting In the authoritarian style of parenting, the parents dress circle strict rules for children to follow and set high demands that these rules are to be obeyed or they be punished end of story.The approximately prevalent aspect of this authoritarian style of parenting, is the parent neglects to give the child debate to the rules they have set, Because Im the father thats why is the perfect example of this. Parents in this s tyle dont looking they need to have to explain reasoning to their children and often come across as an aggressor. Communication between parent and child is non-existent. Authoritative Parenting This parenting style has much in common with the authoritarian style of parenting. The compulsory style parenting is a bit more self-ruled and flexible for each disciplinary incident.The classical style has the same set rules and standards as authoritarian, simply parents in this style are more expectable to reason with these children and remove deeper into the issue at hand and discuss a resolution then depart straight to discipline. This style does discipline and sticks to the rules, except has more of an emotional and nurturing way of transaction with the issue. Uninvolved Parenting Uninvolved parenting style is just that. Parents of these children have no receptiveness or awareness to their childrens behavior.These parents are broken from their children on most emotional levels an d just fill the basic living demands of food, water, shelter, etc. There is low to none communication, discipline, or nurturing between parent and child. In some extreme cases, parents dont yet meet the childs basic living demands. When it comes to parenting styles we find two major deconstructive styles out of the four listed above, unconcerned parenting and permissive parenting. Children raised with the permissive styles generally welcome more problems with school, authority, and are found to have self-esteem issues.This child hasnt had much authority from parents so they feel that they shouldnt have to take any from anybody else including the law. This sess majorly effect fosterage if the child has no consequence for not finishing training or sees no reason education and guidance are important to learn. The results of the uninvolved parenting style can lead to children creation less competent in large(p) life, un-successful, have problems dealing with self-control, and also are found to have major self-esteem concerns.Children raised in these environments have junior-grade to no control over emotions and actions since right-hand(a) guidance was never learnn to them. These children learn and ripen from what they know and seek acceptance from orthogonal sources. Too often enough these children fall into gangs and drugs to seek this acceptance from these groups. Many of these children escape out of school at an earlyish age and suffer from poor teaching and writing skills. After reviewing the parenting style definitions above, the most logical and constructive parenting style seems to be the authoritative parent.Numerous studies have been taken on these four parenting styles and have concluded Authoritive parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, candid and successful (Maccoby, 1992. These studies also represent that the disdainful parenting styles generally lead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank l ower in happiness, social competence and self-esteem. (Cherry,n. d). Giving your children the especial(a) attention and guidance while backcloth reasonable boundaries seems to be the best rival for parenting. Every parenting style varies.You may have a father who is authoritive, the mother is more permissive the key to successful parenting is communication and balance as a family. excrete with your children about why they did what they did. Guide them and show them how it can be done come apart the next time around, and most of all make sure to make to show your child love and acceptance. Punishment needs to happen like committed as consistency is also very important, but following through with rules and the punishment allows your child to grow and learn from the experience, and to avoid doing them again.Conclusion all(a) children need a good parent with an effective parenting style. Who the child grows up to be is a direct look at who the parent is. References Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialising of children An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017. Cherry, K. (n. d). About. com Education- Psychology. 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